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| en:iot-open:hardware2:sensors_distance [2023/10/02 14:30] – pczekalski | en:iot-open:hardware2:sensors_distance [2024/05/27 12:02] (current) – ktokarz |
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| ==== Proximity and Distance Sensors ==== | ====== Proximity and Distance Sensors ====== |
| | {{:en:iot-open:czapka_b.png?50| General audience classification icon }}{{:en:iot-open:czapka_e.png?50| General audience classification icon }}\\ |
| | == Infrared Sensor == |
| | An infrared (IR) proximity sensor detects objects and measures distance without physical contact. IR sensor consists of an infrared emitter, a receiving sensor or array of sensors and a signal processing logic. The output of a sensor differs depending on the type – simple proximity detection sensor outputs //HIGH// or //LOW// level when an object is in its sensing range, but sensors which can measure distance output an analogue signal or use some communication protocol, like I2C to send sensor measuring results. |
| | IR sensors are used in robotics to detect obstacles located a few millimetres to several meters from the sensor and in mobile phones to help detect accidental screen touching.\\Sample IR sensor device is present in figure {{ref>proxim1}} and its connection to the microcontroller in figure {{ref>proxim2}}. |
| |
| ===Infrared Sensor=== | <figure proxim1> |
| An infrared (IR) proximity sensor detects objects and measures distance without any physical contact. IR sensor consists of an infrared emitter, a receiving sensor or array of sensors and a signal processing logic. The output of a sensor differs depending on the type – simple proximity detection sensor outputs //HIGH// or //LOW// level when an object is in its sensing range, but sensors which can measure distance output an analogue signal or use some communication protocol, like I2C to send sensor measuring results. | |
| IR sensors are used in robotics to detect obstacles located a few millimetres to several meters from the sensor and in mobile phones to help detect accidental screen touching. | |
| | |
| <figure label> | |
| {{ :en:iot-open:getting_familiar_with_your_hardware_rtu_itmo_sut:arduino_and_arduino_101_intel_curie:sharp_c.jpg?200 | Distance Sensor GP2Y0A21YK0F}} | {{ :en:iot-open:getting_familiar_with_your_hardware_rtu_itmo_sut:arduino_and_arduino_101_intel_curie:sharp_c.jpg?200 | Distance Sensor GP2Y0A21YK0F}} |
| <caption>Distance Sensor GP2Y0A21YK0F</caption> | <caption>Distance Sensor GP2Y0A21YK0F</caption> |
| </figure> | </figure> |
| |
| <figure label> | <figure proxim2> |
| {{ :en:iot-open:getting_familiar_with_your_hardware_rtu_itmo_sut:arduino_and_arduino_101_intel_curie:sch_apz_shemas_ir_prox.png?400 | Arduino and IR proximity sensor circuit}} | {{ :en:iot-open:getting_familiar_with_your_hardware_rtu_itmo_sut:arduino_and_arduino_101_intel_curie:sch_apz_shemas_ir_prox.png?200 | Arduino and IR proximity sensor circuit}} |
| <caption>Arduino and IR proximity sensor circuit</caption> | <caption>Arduino and IR proximity sensor circuit</caption> |
| </figure> | </figure> |
| </code> | </code> |
| |
| ===Ultrasonic Sensor=== | == Ultrasonic Sensor == |
| The ultrasonic sensor measures the distance to objects by emitting a short ultrasound sound pulse and measuring its returning time. The sensor consists of an ultrasonic emitter and receiver; sometimes, they are combined into a single device for emitting and receiving. Ultrasonic sensors can measure greater distances and cost less than infrared sensors but are more imprecise and interfere with each other's measurements if more than one is used. Simple sensors have a trigger pin and an echo pin; when the trigger pin is set high for a small amount of time, ultrasound is emitted, and on the echo pin, response time is measured. Ultrasonic sensors are used in car parking sensors and robots for proximity detection. | The ultrasonic sensor measures the distance to objects by emitting a short ultrasound sound pulse and measuring its returning time. The sensor consists of an ultrasonic emitter and receiver; sometimes, they are combined into a single device for emitting and receiving. Ultrasonic sensors can measure greater distances and cost less than infrared sensors but are more imprecise and interfere with each other's measurements if more than one is used. Simple sensors have a trigger pin and an echo pin; when the trigger pin is set high for a small amount of time, ultrasound is emitted, and on the echo pin, response time is measured. Ultrasonic sensors are used in car parking sensors and robots for proximity detection. A sample ultrasonic sensor is present in figure {{ref>ultrasonic1}} and a circuit in figure {{ref>ultrasonic2}}.\\ |
| <todo @pczekalski>Add schematics of ultrasonic sensor connection to the Arduino</todo> | Examples of IoT applications are robotic obstacle detection and room layout scanning. |
| <figure label> | |
| {{ :en:iot-open:getting_familiar_with_your_hardware_rtu_itmo_sut:arduino_and_arduino_101_intel_curie:ultrasound_c.jpg?200} | Ultrasonic proximity sensor HC-SR04} | <figure ultrasonic1> |
| | {{ :en:iot-open:getting_familiar_with_your_hardware_rtu_itmo_sut:arduino_and_arduino_101_intel_curie:ultrasound_c.jpg?200 | Ultrasonic proximity sensor HC-SR04}} |
| <caption>Ultrasonic proximity sensor HC-SR04</caption> | <caption>Ultrasonic proximity sensor HC-SR04</caption> |
| </figure> | </figure> |
| |
| | <figure ultrasonic2> |
| | {{ :en:iot-open:getting_familiar_with_your_hardware_rtu_itmo_sut:arduino_and_arduino_101_intel_curie:sch_apz_shemas_ultrasound_proximity.png?200 | Arduino and ultrasound proximity sensor circuit}} |
| Examples of IoT applications are robotic obstacle detection and room layout scanning. | |
| | |
| <figure label> | |
| {{ :en:iot-open:getting_familiar_with_your_hardware_rtu_itmo_sut:arduino_and_arduino_101_intel_curie:sch_apz_shemas_ultrasound_proximity.png?400 | Arduino and ultrasound proximity sensor circuit}} | |
| <caption>Arduino and ultrasound proximity sensor circuit</caption> | <caption>Arduino and ultrasound proximity sensor circuit</caption> |
| </figure> | </figure> |
| </code> | </code> |
| |
| ===Motion Detector=== | == Motion Detector == |
| The motion detector is a sensor that detects moving objects, mostly people. Motion detectors use different technologies, like passive infrared sensors, microwaves and the Doppler effect, video cameras, and ultrasonic and IR sensors. Passive IR (PIR) sensors are the simplest motion detectors that sense people by detecting changes in IR radiation that is emitted through the skin. When the motion is detected, the output of a motion sensor is a digital //HIGH/////LOW// signal. | The motion detector is a sensor that detects moving objects, primarily people. Motion detectors use different technologies, like passive infrared sensors, microwaves and the Doppler effect, video cameras, and ultrasonic and IR sensors. Passive IR (PIR) sensors are the simplest motion detectors that sense people by detecting changes in IR radiation emitted through the skin. When the motion is detected, the output of a motion sensor is a digital //HIGH/////LOW// signal.\\ |
| | Motion sensors are used in security alarm systems, automated lights and door control. As an example in IoT, the PIR motion sensor can detect motion in security systems in a house or any building.\\Sample PIR sensor is present in {{ref>motion1}} and connection schematic in figure {{ref>motion2}}. |
| |
| Motion sensors are used in security alarm systems, automated lights and door control. As an example in IoT, the PIR motion sensor can be used to detect motion in security systems in a house or any building. | <figure motion1> |
| | |
| <figure label> | |
| {{ :en:iot-open:getting_familiar_with_your_hardware_rtu_itmo_sut:arduino_and_arduino_101_intel_curie:movemtn_sensor_c.jpg?200 | PIR motion sensor}} | {{ :en:iot-open:getting_familiar_with_your_hardware_rtu_itmo_sut:arduino_and_arduino_101_intel_curie:movemtn_sensor_c.jpg?200 | PIR motion sensor}} |
| <caption>PIR motion sensor</caption> | <caption>PIR motion sensor</caption> |
| </figure> | </figure> |
| |
| <figure label> | <figure motion2> |
| {{ :en:iot-open:getting_familiar_with_your_hardware_rtu_itmo_sut:arduino_and_arduino_101_intel_curie:sch_apz_shemas_pir_motion_detector.png?400 | Arduino and PIR motion sensor circuit}} | {{ :en:iot-open:getting_familiar_with_your_hardware_rtu_itmo_sut:arduino_and_arduino_101_intel_curie:sch_apz_shemas_pir_motion_detector.png?230 | Arduino and PIR motion sensor circuit}} |
| <caption>Arduino and PIR motion sensor circuit</caption> | <caption>Arduino and PIR motion sensor circuit</caption> |
| </figure> | </figure> |
| </code> | </code> |
| |
| ===Fluid Level Sensor=== | == Fluid Level Sensor == |
| A level sensor detects the level of fluid or fluidised solid. Level sensors can be divided into two groups: | A level sensor detects the level of fluid or fluidised solid. Level sensors can be divided into two groups: |
| * **continuous level sensors** that can detect the exact position of the fluid. For level detection, usually, the proximity sensors, like ultrasonic or infrared, are used. Capacitive sensors can also be used by recording the changing capacitance value depending on the fluid level. The output can be either analogue or digital value; | * **continuous level sensors** that can detect the exact position of the fluid. Proximity sensors, like ultrasonic or infrared, are usually used for level detection. Capacitive sensors can also be used by recording the changing capacitance value depending on the fluid level. The output can be either analogue or digital value; |
| * **point-level sensors** can detect whether a fluid is above or below the sensor. A membrane with air pressure or changes in conductivity or capacitance can be used for level detection, also a floating or mechanical switch. The output is usually a digital value that indicates //HIGH// or //LOW// value. | * **point-level sensors** can detect whether a fluid is above or below the sensor. A membrane with air pressure or changes in conductivity or capacitance can be used for level detection as a floating or mechanical switch. The output is usually a digital value that indicates //HIGH// or //LOW// value.\\ |
| | Fluid level sensors can be used for smart waste management, measuring tank levels, diesel fuel gauging, liquid assets inventory, chemical manufacturing, high or low-level alarms, and irrigation control.\\ |
| Fluid level sensors can be used for smart waste management, for measuring tank levels, diesel fuel gauging, liquid assets inventory, chemical manufacturing, high or low-level alarms, and irrigation control. | Sample level sensor is present in figure {{ref>levelsensor1}} and connection schematic in figure {{ref>levelsensor2}}. |
| |
| <figure label> | <figure levelsensor1> |
| {{ :en:iot-open:getting_familiar_with_your_hardware_rtu_itmo_sut:arduino_and_arduino_101_intel_curie:level_sensor_c.jpg?100 | Liquid level sensor}} | {{ :en:iot-open:getting_familiar_with_your_hardware_rtu_itmo_sut:arduino_and_arduino_101_intel_curie:level_sensor_c.jpg?100 | Liquid level sensor}} |
| <caption>Liquid level sensor</caption> | <caption>Liquid level sensor</caption> |
| </figure> | </figure> |
| |
| <figure label> | <figure levelsensor2> |
| {{ :en:iot-open:getting_familiar_with_your_hardware_rtu_itmo_sut:arduino_and_arduino_101_intel_curie:levle_sen_sch_hd.jpg?300 | Arduino Uno and liquid level sensor schematics}} | {{ :en:iot-open:getting_familiar_with_your_hardware_rtu_itmo_sut:arduino_and_arduino_101_intel_curie:levle_sen_sch_hd.jpg?300 | Arduino Uno and liquid level sensor schematics}} |
| <caption>Arduino Uno and liquid level sensor schematics</caption> | <caption>Arduino Uno and liquid level sensor schematics</caption> |
