Introduction to Embedded Programming

IoT systems share programming paradigms with embedded systems. Each microcontroller manufacturer has its own set of tools (called SDK or Development Framework) that frequently contain an IDE dedicated to the platform. There are some cross-platform solutions and frameworks, however.
Programming languages include:

• C/C++ - undoubtedly the most popular, versatile, yet demanding programming language. With modern supporting tools such as syntax highlights, code samples, code generators (AI-based) and instant syntax checking, C/C++ programming became relatively easy but still requires solid software development foundations. On the other hand, it is probably the only programming language that is natively supported with hardware debugging features. C/C++ bare metal programming allows the developer to control all MCU features on the lowest level and implement energy-efficient, fast and compact solutions.
• Java and Javascript - with low entry-level for developers, usually represented by the variation of NodeJS, limited and applicable to beginners. Within the constraints of the interpreter, it provides rapid prototyping and the fastest market delivery but the lowest flexibility and extensibility beyond what the manufacturer plans. Also, the Java development framework implemented in the microcontroller is compact because of the constrained resources. Usually, it does not keep standards, so the feature of the portability of the code is somewhat limited.
• Python (Micropython) - similarly to Java, offers an easy start but low flexibility and control over the hardware. Acceptable for prototyping.
• Other.