Relays are electromechanical devices that use electromagnets to connect or disconnect the plates of a switch. Relays are used to control high-power circuits with low-power circuits. Circuits are electrically isolated and thus protect logic control. Relays are used in household appliance automation, lighting and climate control. Although the electromagnet's coil of the relay requires relatively low power compared to the power capability of the output circuit, it cannot be connected directly to the microcontroller's pin. Creating the transistor driver or using a relay module with the driver built-in is possible.

The example code:

#define relayPin  4 //Define the relay pin
 
void setup()
{    
  Serial.begin(9600);
  pinMode(relayPin, OUTPUT); //Set relayPin to output
 
}
 
void loop()
{
   digitalWrite(relayPin,0);  //Turn relay on
   Serial.println("Relay ON"); //Output text 
   delay(2000); // Wait 2 seconds
 
   digitalWrite(relayPin,1);  //Turns relay off
   Serial.println("Relay OFF");
   delay(2000);
}

Solenoids are devices that use electromagnets to pull or push iron or steel core. They are used as linear actuators for locking mechanisms indoors, pneumatic and hydraulic valves and in-car starter systems.

Solenoids and relays both use electromagnets, and connecting them to Arduino is very similar. Coils need a lot of power, and they are usually attached to the circuit's power source with the use of a transistor driver. Turning the coil's power off makes the electromagnetic field collapse and creates a very high voltage. A shunt diode is used to channel the overvoltage for the semiconductor devices' protection. For extra safety, an optoisolator can be used.

The example code:

#define solenoidPin  4 //Define the solenoid pin
 
void setup()
{    
  Serial.begin(9600);
  pinMode(solenoidPin, OUTPUT); //Set solenoidPin to output
 
}
 
void loop()
{
   digitalWrite(solenoidPin,0);  //Turn solenoid on
   Serial.println("Solenoid  ON"); //Output text 
   delay(2000); //Wait 2 seconds
 
   digitalWrite(solenoidPin,1);  //Turns solenoid off
   Serial.println("Solenoid OFF");
   delay(2000);
}