Instruction Encoding

Assembler instructions have a specific format that defines the operation and its arguments. The instruction format can vary depending on the processor architecture. Instruction encoding involves representing operations in binary form. Instructions can vary in length, from one to several bytes. Encoding instructions is crucial for the processor's efficient execution of a program.

Instructions encoding for AVR microcontrollers involve converting assembler instructions into the appropriate machine code that the processor can directly execute. Each assembler instruction is represented by a specific set of bits that define the operation and its operands.

Instruction Format:

• AVR instructions are encoded in 16-bit or 32-bit machine words.
• 16-bit instructions are most commonly used, but some more complex instructions may require 32-bit encoding.

Bit Allocation:

• Opcode: Specifies the type of operation (e.g., addition, subtraction, shift).
• Registers: Specification of source and destination registers.
• Constants: Immediate values used in instructions.
• Addresses: Memory addresses used in load and store instructions.