Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

--- en:iot-reloaded:iot_communication_and_networking_technologies [2024/12/10 21:18] – pczekalski
+++ en:iot-reloaded:iot_communication_and_networking_technologies [2025/05/13 10:41] (current) – pczekalski
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ====== IoT Communication and Networking Technologies ======
-The backbone of the Internet of Things (IoT) lies in its communication and networking technologies, which enable the seamless interconnection of devices and facilitate data exchange across networks. These technologies are fundamental to the functioning of IoT systems and are tailored to meet various needs, including scalability, energy efficiency, cost, and performance. They can be broadly categorised into network access technologies, networking technologies, and high-level communication protocols.
+The backbone of the Internet of Things lies in its communication and networking technologies, which enable the seamless interconnection of devices and facilitate data exchange across networks. These technologies are fundamental to the functioning of IoT systems and are tailored to meet various needs, including scalability, energy efficiency, cost, and performance. They can be broadly categorised into network access technologies, networking technologies, and high-level communication protocols.
 Sample protocol stack for IoT Communication Networks is present in figure {{ref>iotnetstack1}}.
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 ===== The IoT Network Access Technologies =====
-IoT network access technologies serve as the backbone of the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem by providing the essential means to connect devices to a network and enable seamless data communication. These technologies ensure that devices, sensors, and actuators can transmit and receive data efficiently, allowing the coordination and functionality required for IoT applications. The choice of technology depends on the specific requirements of the IoT application, which may vary significantly based on factors such as range, power consumption, data rate, cost, network density, and environmental constraints.
+IoT network access technologies serve as the backbone of the Internet of Things ecosystem by providing the essential means to connect devices to a network and enable seamless data communication. These technologies ensure that devices, sensors, and actuators can transmit and receive data efficiently, allowing the coordination and functionality required for IoT applications. The choice of technology depends on the specific requirements of the IoT application, which may vary significantly based on factors such as range, power consumption, data rate, cost, network density, and environmental constraints.
 For example, IoT applications in smart homes and wearable technology prioritise low power consumption and short-range connectivity. In contrast, industrial IoT, smart agriculture, and smart cities often require long-range communication with low power usage to connect devices spread across large areas. Understanding the strengths and limitations of each access technology is critical to optimising network performance, reliability, and cost-effectiveness.
@@ Line 152: / Line 152: @@
 **Description**
-Zigbee is a wireless communication protocol designed specifically for low-power, low-data-rate applications, making it a popular choice for Internet of Things (IoT) networks. It operates primarily in the 2.4 GHz ISM band but can also use 868 MHz (Europe) and 915 MHz (US) bands, offering global versatility. Zigbee is well-suited for applications requiring short-range communication and mesh networking, such as smart homes, industrial automation, and healthcare monitoring systems.
+Zigbee is a wireless communication protocol designed specifically for low-power, low-data-rate applications, making it a popular choice for Internet of Things networks. It operates primarily in the 2.4 GHz ISM band but can also use 868 MHz (Europe) and 915 MHz (US) bands, offering global versatility. Zigbee is well-suited for applications requiring short-range communication and mesh networking, such as smart homes, industrial automation, and healthcare monitoring systems.
 **Key Features of Zigbee**
@@ Line 261: / Line 261: @@
 **Description**
-LoRa (Long Range) is a leading networking technology used for long-range, low-power, and low-data-rate IoT (Internet of Things) applications. It is part of the LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) family, specifically designed to meet the unique needs of IoT systems by offering long-range communication capabilities while maintaining energy efficiency. LoRa technology is best known for its ability to support IoT devices deployed across vast areas, including rural and remote locations. It is ideal for many use cases, from smart cities to agriculture and environmental monitoring.
+LoRa (Long Range) is a leading networking technology used for long-range, low-power, and low-data-rate IoT applications. It is part of the LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) family, specifically designed to meet the unique needs of IoT systems by offering long-range communication capabilities while maintaining energy efficiency. LoRa technology is best known for its ability to support IoT devices deployed across vast areas, including rural and remote locations. It is ideal for many use cases, from smart cities to agriculture and environmental monitoring.
 LoRa uses a Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation technique, which is central to its ability to provide long-range communication while keeping power consumption low. Chirp Spread Spectrum spreads the signal over a wide frequency band, making it more resilient to interference, improving the signal-to-noise ratio, and allowing extended-range communications. This feature enables LoRa to perform well in various environments, even where traditional wireless communication technologies like WiFi or Bluetooth would struggle.
@@ Line 318: / Line 318: @@
 **Description**
- SigFox is a proprietary Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) solution designed specifically for ultra-narrowband communication in the Internet of Things (IoT). It is a unique, highly energy-efficient technology that enables long-range connectivity for many IoT devices. SigFox operates in unlicensed radio frequency bands (typically 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in North America, and 433 MHz in some parts of Asia) and utilises ultra-narrowband (UNB) communication to transmit small packets of data over long distances.
+ SigFox is a proprietary Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) solution designed specifically for ultra-narrowband communication in the Internet of Things. It is a unique, highly energy-efficient technology that enables long-range connectivity for many IoT devices. SigFox operates in unlicensed radio frequency bands (typically 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in North America, and 433 MHz in some parts of Asia) and utilises ultra-narrowband (UNB) communication to transmit small packets of data over long distances.
 The key feature of SigFox is its ultra-narrowband technology, which significantly reduces the spectrum used by each signal. Unlike traditional wireless communication technologies, which use broader bandwidths for communication, SigFox's UNB communication minimises the energy and spectrum requirements, making it particularly well-suited for IoT devices that transmit small amounts of data over long distances without consuming much power. As a result, SigFox can provide reliable coverage across large areas, with an effective range of up to 50 kilometres in rural environments and 10-15 kilometres in urban areas.
@@ Line 354: / Line 354: @@
 **Description**
-NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) is a cellular-based, low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology designed specifically for IoT (Internet of Things) applications. It is optimised to provide wide-area coverage, low power consumption, and support for many connected devices. Unlike traditional cellular networks, NB-IoT is designed to meet the unique needs of IoT devices, offering extended battery life, cost-effective communication, and reliable coverage in challenging environments.
+NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) is a cellular-based, low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology designed specifically for IoT applications. It is optimised to provide wide-area coverage, low power consumption, and support for many connected devices. Unlike traditional cellular networks, NB-IoT is designed to meet the unique needs of IoT devices, offering extended battery life, cost-effective communication, and reliable coverage in challenging environments.
 Developed as part of the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) standards, NB-IoT is a low-bandwidth technology that uses narrow channels within existing cellular networks to deliver robust IoT connectivity. It operates primarily in licensed spectrum bands, leveraging the infrastructure deployed by mobile network operators, making it a cost-effective solution for global IoT connectivity.
@@ Line 405: / Line 405: @@
 **Description**
-LTE-M, or Long Term Evolution for Machines, is a cellular-based networking technology designed explicitly for the Internet of Things (IoT). It is part of the broader LTE (Long-Term Evolution) family, the backbone of most modern mobile communication systems. LTE-M, however, has been optimised for low-power, wide-area (LPWA) IoT applications, offering a balance between low power consumption and relatively higher data rates compared to other IoT technologies like NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT).
+LTE-M, or Long Term Evolution for Machines, is a cellular-based networking technology designed explicitly for the Internet of Things. It is part of the broader LTE (Long-Term Evolution) family, the backbone of most modern mobile communication systems. LTE-M, however, has been optimised for low-power, wide-area (LPWA) IoT applications, offering a balance between low power consumption and relatively higher data rates compared to other IoT technologies like NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT).
 LTE-M is primarily used for machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, where devices such as sensors, meters, trackers, and industrial equipment must connect to the network to transmit small or moderate amounts of data. LTE-M operates within the licensed spectrum and is built to leverage the existing LTE infrastructure. It is a natural choice for mobile network operators looking to extend their coverage to IoT devices with relatively higher mobility and more substantial data throughput needs.
@@ Line 454: / Line 454: @@
 **Description**
-Haystack is an open-source, low-power, wide-area network (LPWAN) technology designed to provide long-range, scalable communication solutions for the Internet of Things (IoT). It aims to address the challenges of IoT deployments that require long-range communication while maintaining energy efficiency, ease of integration, and cost-effectiveness. While not as widely known as LoRa or SigFox, Haystack offers a robust solution for IoT networks that must scale over large areas, particularly in industrial and infrastructure monitoring applications.
+Haystack is an open-source, low-power, wide-area network (LPWAN) technology designed to provide long-range, scalable communication solutions for the Internet of Things. It aims to address the challenges of IoT deployments that require long-range communication while maintaining energy efficiency, ease of integration, and cost-effectiveness. While not as widely known as LoRa or SigFox, Haystack offers a robust solution for IoT networks that must scale over large areas, particularly in industrial and infrastructure monitoring applications.
 Haystack is designed to operate to enable connectivity over large areas using unlicensed radio spectrum bands (like 868 MHz, 915 MHz, etc.), which lowers the cost of deployment since there is no need to pay for spectrum licenses. It uses a combination of technologies and protocols to ensure efficient communication in environments with low power consumption and long-range needs.
@@ Line 491: / Line 491: @@
   * Lower Adoption: Due to its relatively low adoption and smaller developer community, Haystack may face challenges in gaining traction compared to more widely used LPWAN technologies like LoRa and SigFox. The availability of commercial support and a mature ecosystem can influence the choice of technology for large-scale deployments.
-Haystack represents a promising LPWAN solution for IoT deployments, particularly for those seeking a flexible, cost-effective, and open-source alternative to more established technologies. It excels in long-range communication, low power consumption, and scalability, making it suitable for various IoT applications, especially in industrial, agriculture, and smart city domains. However, its adoption is still growing, and its ecosystem is not as developed as other LPWAN technologies, meaning it may not yet be the first choice for every IoT deployment.
+Haystack represents a promising LPWAN solution for IoT deployments, particularly for those seeking a flexible, cost-effective, and open-source alternative to more established technologies. It excels in long-range communication, low power consumption, and scalability, making it suitable for various IoT applications, especially in industrial, agricultural, and smart city domains. However, its adoption is still growing, and its ecosystem is not as developed as other LPWAN technologies, meaning it may not yet be the first choice for every IoT deployment.
 ===== The IoT Networking Technologies =====
-Networking technologies establish the foundation for communication between IoT devices and systems, ensuring efficient routing, addressing, and connectivity. The networking technologies for IoT are based on the IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6). It is the latest version of the Internet Protocol (IP) designed to address the limitations of its predecessor, IPv4. IPv6 introduces a vastly larger address space and enhanced features tailored to modern networking needs, making it a cornerstone for the Internet of Things (IoT). With the exponential growth of IoT devices, IPv6 plays a critical role in enabling seamless communication, scalability, and efficient management.
+Networking technologies establish the foundation for communication between IoT devices and systems, ensuring efficient routing, addressing, and connectivity. The networking technologies for IoT are based on IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6). It is the latest version of the Internet Protocol (IP) designed to address the limitations of its predecessor, IPv4. IPv6 introduces a vastly larger address space and enhanced features tailored to modern networking needs, making it a cornerstone for the Internet of Things. With the exponential growth of IoT devices, IPv6 plays a critical role in enabling seamless communication, scalability, and efficient management.
 **Key Features of IPv6**
@@ Line 642: / Line 642: @@
 . Interoperability:
-Promotes standardised interactions between IoT devices and cloud platforms, ensuring vendor compatibility.
+  * Promotes standardised interactions between IoT devices and cloud platforms, ensuring vendor compatibility.
 . Security:
-Provides robust security through DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security), ensuring encryption and authentication.
+  * Provides robust security through DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security), ensuring encryption and authentication.
 . Device Management:
@@ Line 654: / Line 654: @@
 . Data Models:
-It relies on a well-defined object hierarchy for managing device resources, making it highly organised and scalable.
+  * It relies on a well-defined object hierarchy for managing device resources, making it highly organised and scalable.
@@ Line 665: / Line 665: @@
 **5. UltraLight 2.0**
-UltraLight 2.0 is a lightweight text-based protocol designed to enable minimal complexity communication between IoT devices and platforms. It is part of the FIWARE ecosystem, a popular open-source platform for smart applications, and is widely used in IoT deployments where simplicity and low overhead are critical.
+  *UltraLight 2.0 is a lightweight text-based protocol designed to enable minimal complexity communication between IoT devices and platforms. It is part of the FIWARE ecosystem, a popular open-source platform for smart applications, and is widely used in IoT deployments where simplicity and low overhead are critical.
 **Key Features**
@@ Line 676: / Line 676: @@
 . Low Bandwidth Usage:
-It minimises data payload size by design, making it well-suited for low-bandwidth or intermittent networks.
+  * It minimises data payload size by design, making it well-suited for low-bandwidth or intermittent networks.
 . Compatibility with FIWARE:
-Specifically tailored to work seamlessly with the FIWARE ecosystem, enabling integration with its context brokers (e.g., Orion Context Broker) for IoT data management.
+  * Specifically tailored to work seamlessly with the FIWARE ecosystem, enabling integration with its context brokers (e.g., Orion Context Broker) for IoT data management.
 . Ease of Implementation:
-Simple structure and encoding allow developers to implement UltraLight 2.0 without requiring extensive protocol expertise.
+  * Simple structure and encoding allow developers to implement UltraLight 2.0 without requiring extensive protocol expertise.
 . Stateless Communication:
-It operates over HTTP or HTTPS using stateless interactions, making it lightweight and scalable.
+  * It operates over HTTP or HTTPS using stateless interactions, making it lightweight and scalable.
 **Advantages**

en/iot-reloaded/iot_communication_and_networking_technologies.1733865489.txt.gz · Last modified: 2024/12/10 21:18 by pczekalski