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| en:iot-reloaded:iot_communication_and_networking_technologies [2024/12/10 21:17] – pczekalski | en:iot-reloaded:iot_communication_and_networking_technologies [2025/05/13 10:41] (current) – pczekalski | ||
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| ====== IoT Communication and Networking Technologies ====== | ====== IoT Communication and Networking Technologies ====== | ||
| - | The backbone of the Internet of Things | + | The backbone of the Internet of Things lies in its communication and networking technologies, |
| Sample protocol stack for IoT Communication Networks is present in figure {{ref> | Sample protocol stack for IoT Communication Networks is present in figure {{ref> | ||
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| ===== The IoT Network Access Technologies ===== | ===== The IoT Network Access Technologies ===== | ||
| - | IoT network access technologies serve as the backbone of the Internet of Things | + | IoT network access technologies serve as the backbone of the Internet of Things ecosystem by providing the essential means to connect devices to a network and enable seamless data communication. These technologies ensure that devices, sensors, and actuators can transmit and receive data efficiently, |
| For example, IoT applications in smart homes and wearable technology prioritise low power consumption and short-range connectivity. In contrast, industrial IoT, smart agriculture, | For example, IoT applications in smart homes and wearable technology prioritise low power consumption and short-range connectivity. In contrast, industrial IoT, smart agriculture, | ||
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| **Description** | **Description** | ||
| - | Zigbee is a wireless communication protocol designed specifically for low-power, low-data-rate applications, | + | Zigbee is a wireless communication protocol designed specifically for low-power, low-data-rate applications, |
| **Key Features of Zigbee** | **Key Features of Zigbee** | ||
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| **Description** | **Description** | ||
| - | LoRa (Long Range) is a leading networking technology used for long-range, low-power, and low-data-rate IoT (Internet of Things) | + | LoRa (Long Range) is a leading networking technology used for long-range, low-power, and low-data-rate IoT applications. It is part of the LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) family, specifically designed to meet the unique needs of IoT systems by offering long-range communication capabilities while maintaining energy efficiency. LoRa technology is best known for its ability to support IoT devices deployed across vast areas, including rural and remote locations. It is ideal for many use cases, from smart cities to agriculture and environmental monitoring. |
| LoRa uses a Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation technique, which is central to its ability to provide long-range communication while keeping power consumption low. Chirp Spread Spectrum spreads the signal over a wide frequency band, making it more resilient to interference, | LoRa uses a Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation technique, which is central to its ability to provide long-range communication while keeping power consumption low. Chirp Spread Spectrum spreads the signal over a wide frequency band, making it more resilient to interference, | ||
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| * Network Layer Management: LoRaWAN provides mechanisms for managing devices, gateways, and data transmission, | * Network Layer Management: LoRaWAN provides mechanisms for managing devices, gateways, and data transmission, | ||
| * Class A, B, and C Devices: LoRaWAN defines three device classes to accommodate different communication needs: | * Class A, B, and C Devices: LoRaWAN defines three device classes to accommodate different communication needs: | ||
| - | - Class A: Battery-operated devices that only communicate when they have data to send and are primarily designed for low-power applications. | + | * Class A: Battery-operated devices that only communicate when they have data to send and are primarily designed for low-power applications. |
| - | | + | |
| - | | + | |
| **Advantages** | **Advantages** | ||
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| **Description** | **Description** | ||
| - | | + | |
| The key feature of SigFox is its ultra-narrowband technology, which significantly reduces the spectrum used by each signal. Unlike traditional wireless communication technologies, | The key feature of SigFox is its ultra-narrowband technology, which significantly reduces the spectrum used by each signal. Unlike traditional wireless communication technologies, | ||
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| **Description** | **Description** | ||
| - | NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) is a cellular-based, | + | NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) is a cellular-based, |
| Developed as part of the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) standards, NB-IoT is a low-bandwidth technology that uses narrow channels within existing cellular networks to deliver robust IoT connectivity. It operates primarily in licensed spectrum bands, leveraging the infrastructure deployed by mobile network operators, making it a cost-effective solution for global IoT connectivity. | Developed as part of the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) standards, NB-IoT is a low-bandwidth technology that uses narrow channels within existing cellular networks to deliver robust IoT connectivity. It operates primarily in licensed spectrum bands, leveraging the infrastructure deployed by mobile network operators, making it a cost-effective solution for global IoT connectivity. | ||
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| **Description** | **Description** | ||
| - | LTE-M, or Long Term Evolution for Machines, is a cellular-based networking technology designed explicitly for the Internet of Things | + | LTE-M, or Long Term Evolution for Machines, is a cellular-based networking technology designed explicitly for the Internet of Things. It is part of the broader LTE (Long-Term Evolution) family, the backbone of most modern mobile communication systems. LTE-M, however, has been optimised for low-power, wide-area (LPWA) IoT applications, |
| LTE-M is primarily used for machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, | LTE-M is primarily used for machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, | ||
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| **Description** | **Description** | ||
| - | Haystack is an open-source, | + | Haystack is an open-source, |
| Haystack is designed to operate to enable connectivity over large areas using unlicensed radio spectrum bands (like 868 MHz, 915 MHz, etc.), which lowers the cost of deployment since there is no need to pay for spectrum licenses. It uses a combination of technologies and protocols to ensure efficient communication in environments with low power consumption and long-range needs. | Haystack is designed to operate to enable connectivity over large areas using unlicensed radio spectrum bands (like 868 MHz, 915 MHz, etc.), which lowers the cost of deployment since there is no need to pay for spectrum licenses. It uses a combination of technologies and protocols to ensure efficient communication in environments with low power consumption and long-range needs. | ||
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| * Lower Adoption: Due to its relatively low adoption and smaller developer community, Haystack may face challenges in gaining traction compared to more widely used LPWAN technologies like LoRa and SigFox. The availability of commercial support and a mature ecosystem can influence the choice of technology for large-scale deployments. | * Lower Adoption: Due to its relatively low adoption and smaller developer community, Haystack may face challenges in gaining traction compared to more widely used LPWAN technologies like LoRa and SigFox. The availability of commercial support and a mature ecosystem can influence the choice of technology for large-scale deployments. | ||
| - | Haystack represents a promising LPWAN solution for IoT deployments, | + | Haystack represents a promising LPWAN solution for IoT deployments, |
| ===== The IoT Networking Technologies ===== | ===== The IoT Networking Technologies ===== | ||
| - | Networking technologies establish the foundation for communication between IoT devices and systems, ensuring efficient routing, addressing, and connectivity. The networking technologies for IoT are based on the IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6). It is the latest version of the Internet Protocol (IP) designed to address the limitations of its predecessor, | + | Networking technologies establish the foundation for communication between IoT devices and systems, ensuring efficient routing, addressing, and connectivity. The networking technologies for IoT are based on IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6). It is the latest version of the Internet Protocol (IP) designed to address the limitations of its predecessor, |
| **Key Features of IPv6** | **Key Features of IPv6** | ||
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| 2. Interoperability: | 2. Interoperability: | ||
| - | Promotes standardised interactions between IoT devices and cloud platforms, ensuring vendor compatibility. | + | * Promotes standardised interactions between IoT devices and cloud platforms, ensuring vendor compatibility. |
| 3. Security: | 3. Security: | ||
| - | Provides robust security through DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security), ensuring encryption and authentication. | + | * Provides robust security through DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security), ensuring encryption and authentication. |
| 4. Device Management: | 4. Device Management: | ||
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| 5. Data Models: | 5. Data Models: | ||
| - | It relies on a well-defined object hierarchy for managing device resources, making it highly organised and scalable. | + | * It relies on a well-defined object hierarchy for managing device resources, making it highly organised and scalable. |
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| **5. UltraLight 2.0** | **5. UltraLight 2.0** | ||
| - | UltraLight 2.0 is a lightweight text-based protocol designed to enable minimal complexity communication between IoT devices and platforms. It is part of the FIWARE ecosystem, a popular open-source platform for smart applications, | + | *UltraLight 2.0 is a lightweight text-based protocol designed to enable minimal complexity communication between IoT devices and platforms. It is part of the FIWARE ecosystem, a popular open-source platform for smart applications, |
| **Key Features** | **Key Features** | ||
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| 2. Low Bandwidth Usage: | 2. Low Bandwidth Usage: | ||
| - | It minimises data payload size by design, making it well-suited for low-bandwidth or intermittent networks. | + | * It minimises data payload size by design, making it well-suited for low-bandwidth or intermittent networks. |
| 3. Compatibility with FIWARE: | 3. Compatibility with FIWARE: | ||
| - | Specifically tailored to work seamlessly with the FIWARE ecosystem, enabling integration with its context brokers (e.g., Orion Context Broker) for IoT data management. | + | * Specifically tailored to work seamlessly with the FIWARE ecosystem, enabling integration with its context brokers (e.g., Orion Context Broker) for IoT data management. |
| 4. Ease of Implementation: | 4. Ease of Implementation: | ||
| - | Simple structure and encoding allow developers to implement UltraLight 2.0 without requiring extensive protocol expertise. | + | * Simple structure and encoding allow developers to implement UltraLight 2.0 without requiring extensive protocol expertise. |
| 5. Stateless Communication: | 5. Stateless Communication: | ||
| - | It operates over HTTP or HTTPS using stateless interactions, | + | * It operates over HTTP or HTTPS using stateless interactions, |
| **Advantages** | **Advantages** | ||
