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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a key enabling technology for Industry 4.0 and is increasingly being implemented in the manufacturing sector. This subset of IoT, known as Industrial IoT (IIoT), integrates IoT functionality into industrial settings. While new production systems often come with IoT capabilities by default, many manufacturing companies still rely on legacy equipment that can be upgraded using IoT solutions. Upgrading existing machinery is especially important, as manufacturing equipment is typically designed to last for decades, making frequent replacements impractical. Consequently, IIoT is essential for modernizing older machinery to meet today's data-driven production demands, enhance efficiency, reduce downtime, minimize production waste, and lower the overall carbon footprint.
Recently, a new industrial paradigm called Industry 5.0 has emerged. Industry 5.0 builds on the principles of Industry 4.0, with a stronger emphasis on human well-being, resilience, and sustainability. In this context, IoT continues to play a vital role in achieving these objectives.