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en:iot-open:hardware2:powering [2023/10/22 20:22] – pczekalski | en:iot-open:hardware2:powering [2024/03/05 14:12] (current) – pczekalski | ||
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- | ===== Powering of the IoT devices | + | ====== Powering of the IoT Devices ====== |
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IoT requires a constant and reliable power source to operate devices, sensors, and communication effectively. The choice of power source for IoT devices is from traditional batteries to cutting-edge energy harvesting technologies. | IoT requires a constant and reliable power source to operate devices, sensors, and communication effectively. The choice of power source for IoT devices is from traditional batteries to cutting-edge energy harvesting technologies. | ||
The factors influencing the choice are: | The factors influencing the choice are: | ||
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* working environment, | * working environment, | ||
* intended operation, | * intended operation, | ||
- | * time of life, | + | * lifetime |
* operation reliability and availability. | * operation reliability and availability. | ||
- | The majority of IoT devices use a DC power source. AC is usually converted into the DC, eventually used for powering high-power actuators. | + | The majority of IoT devices use a DC power source. AC is usually converted into the DC, eventually used for powering high-power actuators. Most IoT devices rely on batteries as their energy source, which is common in edge devices. Fog devices are powered with a mixture of the sources: battery (DC) or socket/grid (AC). Green energy sources are introduced in both classes; the choice of technology depends on the IoT application domain and scenario. |
- | Batteries (non-rechargeable or rechargeable) provide DC. A plain battery' | + | Batteries (non-rechargeable or rechargeable) provide DC. A plain battery' |
- | Using green energy sources requires conversion and energy storage as its nature is non-consistent in the time domain. | + | Using green energy sources requires conversion and energy storage as its nature is non-consistent in the time domain. |
The majority of IoT devices require one or two voltage standards to power microcontrollers and sensors: | The majority of IoT devices require one or two voltage standards to power microcontrollers and sensors: | ||
* 5V - common of older microcontrollers (such as AVR) and for most peripherals, | * 5V - common of older microcontrollers (such as AVR) and for most peripherals, | ||
- | * 3.3V - for recent microcontrollers, | + | * 3.3V - for recent microcontrollers, |
- | <note important> | + | <note important> |
- | <note tip>A special note on powering IoT devices with inductive actuators: a separate powering rail should be used. Actuators using electromagnetic components, such as relays, motors and servos, should not share a powering bus with MCU. They introduce | + | <note tip>A special note on powering IoT devices with inductive actuators: a separate |
- | <note tip>When dealing with high current, high voltage or high inference devices, it is common | + | <note tip>When dealing with high current, high voltage or high inference devices, it is expected |
+ | During their operation, IoT devices commonly control their power sources regarding their condition (e.g., remaining energy, ageing symptoms). In the simplest case, the battery terminal can be connected to the A/D GPIO (usually via a voltage divider). It is also expected to measure battery drain, constantly monitoring both current and voltage, thus calculating energy consumed. Battery Management Systems can be a stand-alone module or can be a part of the IoT device. In the first case, using some communication protocol to monitor power source status is required (e.g. Serial or I2C). IoT devices can then inform the IoT ecosystem about, e.g., approaching running out of power. They can also limit their energy consumption by switching to sleep mode. | ||
- | [[en: | + | <WRAP excludefrompdf> |
- | + | The following chapters discuss more on the powering of the IoT devices: | |
- | <todo @pczekalski> | + | * [[en: |
- | + | * [[en: | |
- | [[en: | + | |
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