This is an old revision of the document!


IoT energy sources

A reliable energy source is required to keep an IoT device alive. An interruption is when the energy source shuts down the IoT device, increasing downtime and reducing the quality of service or the quality of experience the users feel. Therefore, choosing the energy source is very important when designing IoT systems. The following factors should be considered when choosing an energy source for an IoT device:

  • Size: In some IoT applications, it is required that the size of the IoT device should be as small as possible. The chosen power source should be one whose size can be scaled down as much as possible.
  • Mobility: In some IoT applications, mobility is an important requirement (e.g., in wearable IoT devices), imposing both size and weight constraints on the IoT devices. The energy source chosen should not be location-dependent sho, should be able to provide energy to the IoT devices during motion, and should not obstruct the device's mobility.
  • Reliability: The energy source chosen should be reliable. That one will supply energy to the IoT devices when necessary with minimal failures.
  • Scalability: The energy source chosen should be easily accessible at affordable prices to ensure a continuous supply of energy to the growing number of IoT devices and infrastructure.
  • Cost: The energy source should be cheap, and the cost of energy should also be reasonable.
  • minimum maintenance requirement: It is recommended to choose energy sources to ensure that the devices' lifetime is reasonably long. That is a minimal energy-related maintenance requirement, especially in large IoT networks.
  • Ease of deployment: The energy source should be simple to integrate into the IoT system.
  • IoT application context: The choice of the energy source depends largely on the application context.
  • Power requirement: The choice of the energy source also depends on the energy requirement of the device. The energy sources required for IoT devices in agriculture differ from those in smart factories or smart health applications.
  • Sustainability: The energy sources chosen should be green and sustainable. The energy source should produce minimal environmental pollution and be easily recyclable when possible.

The choice of the energy source is very important in the IoT design process as it will influence the choice of the computing power, communication protocols and technologies, and the security mechanism and other subsystems of the IoT system. The three main energy sources for IoT devices are:

  • Main energy
  • Energy storage systems
  • Energy harvesting systems.

Main power

In IoT applications where the hardware devices do not need to be mobile and are energy-hungry (consume a significant amount of energy), they can be reliably powered using main power sources. The main power from the grid is in the form of AC power and should be converted to DC power and scaled down to meet the power requirement of sensing, actuating, computing, and networking nodes. The hardware devices are the networking or transport layer, and those at the application layer (fog/cloud computing nodes) are often power-hungry and are supplied using energy from the grid.

A drawback of using the main power to supply an IoT infrastructure with many IoT devices that depend on the main power source is the complexity of connecting the devices to the power source using cables. In the case of hundreds or thousands of devices, supplying them using the main power is impractical. If the energy from the main source is generated using fossil fuels, then the carbon footprint from the IoT infrastructure increases as its energy demands increase.

Energy storage systems

Energy storage systems are systems that are used to store energy so that it can be consumed later. It is preferable to power IoT devices using energy storage systems. One scenario is to charge the energy storage system (e.g., battery or supercapacitor) to its full capacity and then deploy the IoT device with the energy storage system as its only energy source. In this case, when all the energy stored in the energy storage system is depleted, the device is shut down, resulting in an undesirable downtime.

The time from when the IoT device is deployed to the instant when all the energy stored in the energy storage system is depleted is called the device's lifetime. Among other factors such as mobility, scalability, and size, lifetime of the device and the energy density, energy capacity, and cycle life of the energy storage system are critical design parameters that should be considered when choosing an energy storage system to use as an energy source for an IoT device. In order to increase the lifetime of an IoT device and to reduce the downtime that results from the depletion of all the energy stored in energy storage systems of IoT devices, energy harvesting systems are sometimes incorporated into IoT devices.

Energy harvesting systems

en/iot-open/hardware2/powering/iot_energy_sources.1699628591.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/11/10 15:03 by gkuaban
CC Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
www.chimeric.de Valid CSS Driven by DokuWiki do yourself a favour and use a real browser - get firefox!! Recent changes RSS feed Valid XHTML 1.0