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en:iot-open:hardware2:powering:iot_energy_sources [2023/11/14 15:33] pczekalskien:iot-open:hardware2:powering:iot_energy_sources [2023/11/23 11:29] (current) pczekalski
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-====== IoT energy sources ====== +====== IoT Energy Sources ====== 
 +{{:en:iot-open:czapka_p.png?50| General audience classification icon }}{{:en:iot-open:czapka_b.png?50| General audience classification icon }}{{:en:iot-open:czapka_m.png?50| General audience classification icon }}{{:en:iot-open:czapka_e.png?50| General audience classification icon }}\\
 A reliable energy source is required to keep an IoT device alive. An interruption is when the energy source shuts down the IoT device, increasing downtime and reducing the quality of service or the quality of experience the users feel. Therefore, choosing the energy source is very important when designing IoT systems. The following factors should be considered when selecting an energy source for an IoT device: A reliable energy source is required to keep an IoT device alive. An interruption is when the energy source shuts down the IoT device, increasing downtime and reducing the quality of service or the quality of experience the users feel. Therefore, choosing the energy source is very important when designing IoT systems. The following factors should be considered when selecting an energy source for an IoT device:
  
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-====Main power ====+== Main power ==
  
 In IoT applications where the hardware devices do not need to be mobile and are energy-hungry (consume significant energy), they can be reliably powered using mains power sources. The grid's main power is AC power and should be converted to DC power and scaled down to meet the power requirement of sensing, actuating, computing, and networking nodes. The hardware devices are the networking or transport layer, and those at the application layer (fog/cloud computing nodes) are often power-hungry and supplied using grid energy. In IoT applications where the hardware devices do not need to be mobile and are energy-hungry (consume significant energy), they can be reliably powered using mains power sources. The grid's main power is AC power and should be converted to DC power and scaled down to meet the power requirement of sensing, actuating, computing, and networking nodes. The hardware devices are the networking or transport layer, and those at the application layer (fog/cloud computing nodes) are often power-hungry and supplied using grid energy.
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 A drawback of using the main power to supply an IoT infrastructure with many IoT devices that depend on the main power source is the complexity of connecting the devices to the power source using cables. In the case of hundreds or thousands of devices, supplying them using the main power is impractical. If the energy from the main source is generated using fossil fuels, then the carbon footprint from the IoT infrastructure increases as its energy demands increase.  A drawback of using the main power to supply an IoT infrastructure with many IoT devices that depend on the main power source is the complexity of connecting the devices to the power source using cables. In the case of hundreds or thousands of devices, supplying them using the main power is impractical. If the energy from the main source is generated using fossil fuels, then the carbon footprint from the IoT infrastructure increases as its energy demands increase. 
  
-==== Energy storage systems ====+== Energy storage systems ==
  
 Energy storage systems are systems that are used to store energy so that it can be consumed later. It is preferable to power IoT devices using energy storage systems. One scenario is to charge the energy storage system (e.g., battery or supercapacitor) to its full capacity and then deploy the IoT device with the energy storage system as its only energy source (figure {{ref>Fig1}}). In this case, when all the energy stored in the system is depleted, the device is shut down, resulting in an undesirable downtime.  Energy storage systems are systems that are used to store energy so that it can be consumed later. It is preferable to power IoT devices using energy storage systems. One scenario is to charge the energy storage system (e.g., battery or supercapacitor) to its full capacity and then deploy the IoT device with the energy storage system as its only energy source (figure {{ref>Fig1}}). In this case, when all the energy stored in the system is depleted, the device is shut down, resulting in an undesirable downtime. 
  
 <figure Fig1> <figure Fig1>
-{{:en:iot-open:hardware2:powering:iot_edge_battery.png?750|}}+{{ :en:iot-open:hardware2:powering:iot_edge_battery.png?800 The architecture of an IoT device powered by a battery energy storage system}}
 <caption>The architecture of an IoT device powered by a battery energy storage system (( Kuaban, G. Suila, E. Gelenbe, T. Czachórski, P. Czekalski, and J. Kewir Tangka, "Modelling of the Energy Depletion Process and Battery Depletion Attacks for Battery-Powered Internet of Things (IoT) Devices", sensors, vol. 23, issue 6183, 2023 )) </caption> <caption>The architecture of an IoT device powered by a battery energy storage system (( Kuaban, G. Suila, E. Gelenbe, T. Czachórski, P. Czekalski, and J. Kewir Tangka, "Modelling of the Energy Depletion Process and Battery Depletion Attacks for Battery-Powered Internet of Things (IoT) Devices", sensors, vol. 23, issue 6183, 2023 )) </caption>
 </figure> </figure>
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-==== Energy harvesting systems ====+== Energy harvesting systems ==
  
 Energy harvesting systems are also an alternative energy source for IoT devices. They capture energy from the environment and convert it to electrical energy to supply IoT devices. Suppose the energy captured is more than the power demand of the IoT device. In that case, the surplus can be stored in energy storage systems when the energy harvesting system cannot produce enough energy to supply the IoT device. A significant drawback of energy harvesting is that the amount of energy that can be harvested at any given time depends mainly on environmental conditions or the presence of external energy sources, resulting in a fluctuation in the amount of energy harvested over time. Hence, it is vital to carefully size the energy harvesting unit and the energy storage system in such a way as to maximise the lifetime of the IoT device. Sample architecture of a self-powered Green IoT device powered by a battery energy storage system and an energy harvesting system is present in figure {{ref>Fig2}}. Energy harvesting systems are also an alternative energy source for IoT devices. They capture energy from the environment and convert it to electrical energy to supply IoT devices. Suppose the energy captured is more than the power demand of the IoT device. In that case, the surplus can be stored in energy storage systems when the energy harvesting system cannot produce enough energy to supply the IoT device. A significant drawback of energy harvesting is that the amount of energy that can be harvested at any given time depends mainly on environmental conditions or the presence of external energy sources, resulting in a fluctuation in the amount of energy harvested over time. Hence, it is vital to carefully size the energy harvesting unit and the energy storage system in such a way as to maximise the lifetime of the IoT device. Sample architecture of a self-powered Green IoT device powered by a battery energy storage system and an energy harvesting system is present in figure {{ref>Fig2}}.
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 <figure Fig2> <figure Fig2>
-{{:en:iot-open:hardware2:powering:iot_edge_device1.png?750|}}+{{ :en:iot-open:hardware2:powering:iot_edge_device1.png?800 The architecture of a self-powered Green IoT device powered by a battery energy storage system and an energy harvesting system }}
 <caption>The architecture of a self-powered Green IoT device powered by a battery energy storage system and an energy harvesting system ((  Kuaban, G. Suila, T. Czachórski, E. Gelenbe, P. Czekalski, "A Markov model for a Self-Powered Green IoT Device with State-Dependent Energy Consumption", 2023 4th International Conference on Communications, Information, Electronic and Energy Systems (CIEES) 23 25 November, 2023, Plovdiv, Bulgaria, IEEE, 2023 (in press).)) </caption> <caption>The architecture of a self-powered Green IoT device powered by a battery energy storage system and an energy harvesting system ((  Kuaban, G. Suila, T. Czachórski, E. Gelenbe, P. Czekalski, "A Markov model for a Self-Powered Green IoT Device with State-Dependent Energy Consumption", 2023 4th International Conference on Communications, Information, Electronic and Energy Systems (CIEES) 23 25 November, 2023, Plovdiv, Bulgaria, IEEE, 2023 (in press).)) </caption>
 </figure> </figure>
en/iot-open/hardware2/powering/iot_energy_sources.1699976012.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/11/14 15:33 by pczekalski
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