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| en:programming:c:crashcourse [2012/06/01 13:21] – eero.valjaots | en:programming:c:crashcourse [2020/07/20 09:00] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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| - | ====== Crash course ====== | + | ====== |
| - | <note important> | + | |
| ===== Program structure ===== | ===== Program structure ===== | ||
| Line 43: | Line 43: | ||
| /* | /* | ||
| - | | + | Block comment can be used to include more than one line. |
| - | The beginning and the end of a comment is assigned with slash and asterisk signs. | + | The beginning and the end of a comment is assigned with slash and asterisk signs. |
| */ | */ | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| - | ~~PB~~ | ||
| ===== Data ===== | ===== Data ===== | ||
| Line 141: | Line 140: | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| - | ~~PB~~ | + | < |
| ===== Operations ===== | ===== Operations ===== | ||
| Line 216: | Line 215: | ||
| ==== Bit operations ==== | ==== Bit operations ==== | ||
| - | Bititehted on andmetega binaarses arvusüsteemis tegelemiseks. Neid saab rakendada kõigi täisarv-tüüpi andmetega. Bititehted sarnanevad loogiliste tehetega, kuid erinevad selle poolest, et tehe teostatakse iga bitiga eraldi, mitte kogu arvuga. C keeles on bititeheteks inversioon | + | Bit operations are for data manipulation in binary numeral system. These can be applied only to integer type data. Bit operations are quite similar to logic operations but differ from them because operation is carried out with every single bit not the whole number. Bit operations in C-language are inversion |
| <code c> | <code c> | ||
| - | // Märgita | + | // Declaration of unsigned |
| - | // Muutuja väärtus on kümnendsüsteemis | + | // Variable value is 5 in decimal system, 101 in binary system |
| unsigned char c = 5; | unsigned char c = 5; | ||
| - | // Muutuja | + | // Disjunction of c with a digit 2 (010 in binary) |
| - | // c väätuseks saab 7 (kahendsüsteemis | + | // c value will become |
| c = c | 2; | c = c | 2; | ||
| - | // Bitinihe vasakule | + | // Bit left shift by 2 |
| - | // c väärtuseks saab 28 (kahendsüsteemis | + | // c value will become |
| c = c << 2; | c = c << 2; | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| - | Bititehted on hädavajalikud mikrokontrollerite registrite kasutamisel. Täpsemalt tutvustab neid AVR registrite peatükk. | + | Bit operations are essential when using the registers of microcontroller. These are described in AVR register chapter. |
| - | ~~PB~~ | + | < |
| - | ===== Funktsioonid | + | ===== Functions |
| - | Funktsioon on programmilõik, | + | Functions are part of a program that can be called by its name. Function can include parameters as input and can return one output. If the function is not returning a parameter, it has type // |
| <code c> | <code c> | ||
| - | // Kahe int tüüpi parameetriga funktsiooni deklareerimine | + | // Declaration of 2 int type parameter function |
| - | // Funktsioon tagastab | + | // The function returns |
| int sum(int a, int b) | int sum(int a, int b) | ||
| { | { | ||
| - | // Kahe arvu liitmine ja summa tagastamine | + | // Addition of 2 variables and returning of their sum |
| return a + b; | return a + b; | ||
| } | } | ||
| - | // Ilma parameetrite ja tagastatava väärtuseta funktsioon | + | // Function without parameters and no return output |
| void power_off(void) | void power_off(void) | ||
| { | { | ||
| Line 255: | Line 254: | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| - | Funktsiooni kasutamiseks tuleb see välja kutsuda. Funktsioon peab programmikoodis olema deklareeritud enne välja kutsumise kohta. Näide liitmisfunktsiooni väljakutsumisest. | + | To use a function, it must be called. It is required that a function is declared before call. Example about calling addition function: |
| <code c> | <code c> | ||
| Line 261: | Line 260: | ||
| int y = 3; | int y = 3; | ||
| - | // Liitmisfunktsiooni väljakutsumine | + | // Calling an addition function |
| // Parameetriteks on muutuja ja konstandi väärtus | // Parameetriteks on muutuja ja konstandi väärtus | ||
| + | // The parameters are variable and constant | ||
| x = sum(y, 5); | x = sum(y, 5); | ||
| - | // Väljalülitamise funktsiooni väljakutsumine | + | // The call of a power off function |
| - | // Parameetrid puuduvad | + | // No parameters |
| power_off(); | power_off(); | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| - | C-keele programmi täitmist alustatakse | + | The execution of a C-language program is started from // |
| - | ~~PB~~ | + | < |
| - | ===== Laused | + | ===== Statements |
| - | ==== Tingimuslause | + | ==== If/Else statement |
| - | Tingimuslause võimaldab vastavalt sulgudes oleva avaldise tõesusele täita või mitte täita tingimusele järgnevat lauset või programmilõiku. Tingimuslause võtmesõna | + | Conditional statements enable to execute or skip program code based on based on logic and relational operations. Conditional statement uses a keyword |
| <code c> | <code c> | ||
| - | // Avaldis on tõene ja lause x = 5 täidetakse, | + | // Statement is true and operation |
| - | // sest 2 + 1 on suurem kui 2 | + | // because |
| if ((2 + 1) > 2) x = 5; | if ((2 + 1) > 2) x = 5; | ||
| - | // Kui x on 5 ja y on 3, siis täidetakse järgnev programmilõik | + | // If x equals |
| if ((x == 5) && (y == 3)) | if ((x == 5) && (y == 3)) | ||
| { | { | ||
| - | // Suvaline tegevus | + | // Random action |
| y = 4; | y = 4; | ||
| my_function(); | my_function(); | ||
| Line 294: | Line 294: | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| - | Tingimuslause võib olla pikem ja sisaldada ka lauset või programmilõiku, | + | //If// statement can be longer and include code which will be executed in case the statement is false. For this, after // |
| <code c> | <code c> | ||
| - | // Kas x on 5 ? | + | // Is x equal with 5 ? |
| if (x == 5) | if (x == 5) | ||
| { | { | ||
| - | // Suvaline tegevus | + | // Random action |
| z = 3; | z = 3; | ||
| } | } | ||
| - | // Kui x ei olnud 5, kas siis x on 6 ? | + | // If this is false then x might be equal with 6 |
| else if (x == 6) | else if (x == 6) | ||
| { | { | ||
| - | // Suvaline tegevus | + | // Random action |
| q = 3; | q = 3; | ||
| } | } | ||
| - | // Kui x ei olnud 5 ega 6... | + | // If x was not 5 nor 6 ... |
| else | else | ||
| { | { | ||
| - | // Suvaline tegevus | + | // Random action |
| y = 0; | y = 0; | ||
| } | } | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| - | ~~PB~~ | + | < |
| - | ==== Valikulause | + | ==== Switch statement |
| - | Kui on vaja võrrelda avaldist mitme erineva väärtusega, on mõistlik kasutada valikulauset | + | When required to compare operations and variables with many different values, it is reasonable to use comparison statement with // |
| <code c> | <code c> | ||
| int y; | int y; | ||
| - | // Tingimuslause | + | // Switch statement for comparing |
| switch (y) | switch (y) | ||
| { | { | ||
| - | // y on 1 ? | + | // is y equal to 1 ? |
| case 1: | case 1: | ||
| - | // Suvaline tegevus | + | // Random action |
| function1(); | function1(); | ||
| break; | break; | ||
| - | // y on 2 ? | + | // is y equal to 2 ? |
| case 2: | case 2: | ||
| - | // Suvaline tegevus | + | // Random action |
| function2(); | function2(); | ||
| break; | break; | ||
| - | // Kõik muud juhtumid | + | // All other cases |
| default: | default: | ||
| - | // Suvaline tegevus | + | // Random action |
| functionX(); | functionX(); | ||
| - | // break lauset pole vaja, | + | // break operation not needed, |
| - | // kuna võrdlemine lõppeb nagunii | + | // because the comparison ends anyway |
| } | } | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| - | ===== Tsüklid | + | ===== Loops ===== |
| - | Tsüklitega saab programmilõiku täita mitmeid kordi. | + | Loops can be used for executing code several times. |
| - | ==== while ==== | + | ==== while loop ==== |
| - | // | + | Code marked with // |
| <code c> | <code c> | ||
| int x = 0; | int x = 0; | ||
| - | // Tsükkel kestab seni, kuni x on väiksem kui 5 | + | // Loop will execute until x is smaller than 5 |
| while (x < 5) | while (x < 5) | ||
| { | { | ||
| - | // x suurendamine ühe võrra | + | // x incrementation |
| x++; | x++; | ||
| } | } | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| - | ~~PB~~ | + | < |
| - | ==== for ==== | + | ==== for loop ==== |
| - | // | + | // |
| - | Näide: | ||
| <code c> | <code c> | ||
| int i, x = 0; | int i, x = 0; | ||
| - | // Algul määratakse | + | // i is equal to 1 at the beginning of the loop. |
| - | // i on vähem kui 5. Iga tsükli lõpus suurendatakse | + | // Loop will be executed until i is smaller than 5. |
| + | // i will be incremented in the end of every loop cycle. | ||
| for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) | for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) | ||
| { | { | ||
| - | // x suurendamine | + | // x addition by 2 |
| x += 2; | x += 2; | ||
| } | } | ||
| - | // Siinkohal tuleb x väärtuseks | + | // here x value is 10 |
| </ | </ | ||
| - | ==== Tsüklis liikumine | + | ==== Halting loops ==== |
| - | // | + | As and exception exit from // |
| <code c> | <code c> | ||
| int x = 0, y = 0; | int x = 0, y = 0; | ||
| - | // Lõputu tsükkel, kuna 1 on loogiline tõesus | + | // Infinite loop because |
| while (1) | while (1) | ||
| { | { | ||
| - | // Tsüklist väljutakse, | + | // Exit the the loop cycle if x becomes |
| if (x >= 100) break; | if (x >= 100) break; | ||
| - | // x suurendamine, | + | // x incrementation to end loop at some time |
| x++; | x++; | ||
| - | // Kui x on 10 või vähem, siis alustatakse järgmist tsüklit | + | // If x is 10 or less then the next cycle is started |
| if (x <= 10) continue; | if (x <= 10) continue; | ||
| - | // y suurendamine | + | // y incrementation |
| y++; | y++; | ||
| } | } | ||
| - | // Siinkohal on y väärtus | + | // Here y value is 90 |
| </ | </ | ||
| - | ==== Tekstitöötlus | + | ==== Text operations |
| - | Tekstitöötlusfunktsioone | + | Text operations are needed for microcontrollers foremost for displaying characters and text on LCD. |
| ==== sprintf ==== | ==== sprintf ==== | ||
| - | sprintf | + | //sprintf// function is similar to ordinary //printf// function commonly used in C-language. The difference is that the result of this function is loaded into variable not standard |
| - | tagastus | + | return |
| - | + | Example: | |
| - | Näide: | + | |
| <code c> | <code c> | ||
| int r = sprintf(buffer, | int r = sprintf(buffer, | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| - | Väärtustab muutuja vormindatud tekstiga, mis on antud funktsiooni | ||
| - | teisest kuni n parameetrini. Sprintf funktsioon lihtsustab keerulisemate | ||
| - | fraaside või lausete koostamist. Mugavam on kasutada tekstis muutujaid, mis | ||
| - | asendatakse väärtustega. Funktsioon tagastab muutujasse salvestatud teksti pikkuse. Vea korral tagastatakse negatiivne arv. | ||
| - | Näide: | + | It will load formated text into variable which is given from the function second to n parameter. //sprintf// will simplify composing more sophisticated statements. Easier is to use variables in text that will be replaced by values. Function returns the length of text loaded into variable. In case of error occurrence, negative value is returned. |
| + | |||
| + | Example: | ||
| <code c> | <code c> | ||
| - | sprintf(x, " | + | sprintf(x, " |
| - | // sama tulemuse saaksime ka nii: | + | // the same result can be achieved also: |
| - | x = " | + | x = " |
| - | sprintf(x, " | + | sprintf(x, " |
| - | // sama tulemuse saaksime ka nii: | + | // the same result can be achieved also: |
| - | x = " | + | x = " |
| </ | </ | ||
| - | %s ja %d on antud juhul parameetrid, | + | %s and %d are in this case parameters that will be repalaced accordingly by variable values which are the last parameters to function. The number of parameters must be the same as variables. |
| - | väärtustega, | + | In the first example, the parameter was %d which was replaced by variable value 1. In the second example parameters were %s and %d which were replaced by variable values |
| - | parameetreid, peab olema ka muutujaid. | + | |
| - | Esimese näite puhul oli meil parameetriks | + | |
| - | väärtusega | + | |
| - | vastavalt muutuja väärtustega | + | |
| - | Just nimelt sellises järjekorras, | + | |
| - | %d numbrilist väärtust. Erinevate andmetüüpide jaoks on olemas vastavad | + | |
| - | muutujate kirjeldused: | + | |
| - | ^ Parameeter | + | ^ Parameter |
| - | | %c | Tähemärk | + | | %c | Char | a | |
| - | | %i või %d | Täisarv| 123 | | + | | %i or %d | Integer| 123 | |
| - | | %f | Murdarv | + | | %f | Real number |
| - | | %s | Tekst | näide| | + | | %s | Text | example| |
| - | | %X | Heksadetsimaalarv| 3F | | + | | %X | Hexadecimal number| 3F | |
| <code c> | <code c> | ||
| Line 471: | Line 461: | ||
| char buffer [50]; | char buffer [50]; | ||
| int n, a=5, b=3; | int n, a=5, b=3; | ||
| - | n=sprintf (buffer, " | + | n=sprintf (buffer, " |
| - | printf (" | + | printf (" |
| return 0; | return 0; | ||
| } | } | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| - | ==== Üldised utiliidid | + | ==== General utilities |
| - | Teegi standard | + | Standard functions |
| - | ==== random | + | ==== Random function |
| - | Juhuarvude genereerimine ei olegi AVR kontrolleril väga lihtne. | + | Generating a random number is not so simple for AVR microcontroller. |
| - | Esmalt tuleb juhunumbrigeneraator seemendada arvuga, mille järgi genereeritakse suvaliste numbrite jada. | + | At first the random number generator must be inputed with a number to be the basis of random number array generation. The array based on one number is always the same. To make the result more random, the function can be inputed with a values taken from free floating |
| - | Sama numbri järgi genereeritakse alati sama jada. Suvalisema tulemuse saamiseks võib seemendamiseks kasutada näiteks tühjast | + | |
| - | Näide: | + | Example: |
| <code c> | <code c> | ||
| srand(100); | srand(100); | ||
| Line 494: | Line 483: | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| - | Näide, juhuarvu genereerimiseks vahemikus | + | Example about generating a random number in range of 16: |
| <code c> | <code c> | ||
| #include < | #include < | ||
| Line 503: | Line 492: | ||
| - | Põhjalikuma inglisekeelse kirjelduse | + | The more in-depth english description about C-language functions is in: |
| [[http:// | [[http:// | ||
| - | ~~DISCUSSION~~ | ||
