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en:drones:legalrequirements [2021/03/12 11:24] – olegen:drones:legalrequirements [Unknown date] (current) – external edit (Unknown date) 127.0.0.1
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-===== UE 2021 CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY (CAA) LEGAL DRONES FLYING REQUIREMENTS AND RULES =====+===== A beginners guide on drone's flying regulations in the EU ===== 
 +UE Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) legal drone flying requirements and rules as of the beginning of 2021((https://www.easa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/dfu/Easy%20Access%20Rules%20for%20Unmanned%20Aircraft%20Systems%20%28Regulations%20%28EU%29%202019-947%20and%20%28EU%29%202019-945%29.pdf)):((https://register-drones.caa.co.uk/drone-code/less-common-types-of-flying)):  
 +==== Getting what is needed to fly legally ==== 
 + 
 +** ID and registration requirements **
  
-==== ID and registration requirements ==== 
 There are two IDs which are necessary before flying drones or model aircraft outdoors in the EU: There are two IDs which are necessary before flying drones or model aircraft outdoors in the EU:
   * flyer ID, which shows he passed the basic flying test.   * flyer ID, which shows he passed the basic flying test.
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 Operator may need to have both. Operator may need to have both.
  
-==== Flyer ID ====+** Flyer ID ** 
 Flyer must pass the CAA’s official theory test to get a flyer ID before flying a drone or model aircraft covered by the regulations. Flyer must pass the CAA’s official theory test to get a flyer ID before flying a drone or model aircraft covered by the regulations.
 Flyer is responsible for flying safely and legally whenever he flies. Flyer is responsible for flying safely and legally whenever he flies.
  
-==== Operator ID ====+** Operator ID ** 
 The operator is the person responsible for managing a drone or model aircraft. This means they’re responsible for things like maintaining it and making sure that anyone who flies it has a flyer ID. Operator must be 18 or over to get an operator ID. The operator is the person responsible for managing a drone or model aircraft. This means they’re responsible for things like maintaining it and making sure that anyone who flies it has a flyer ID. Operator must be 18 or over to get an operator ID.
 The operator is usually the person or organization that owns the drone or model aircraft, but not always. For example, if operator younger than 18 and own a drone or model aircraft, he must ask his parent or guardian to register for an operator ID. He will still be able to fly as long as he has a flyer ID. The operator is usually the person or organization that owns the drone or model aircraft, but not always. For example, if operator younger than 18 and own a drone or model aircraft, he must ask his parent or guardian to register for an operator ID. He will still be able to fly as long as he has a flyer ID.
  
-==== Categories of drone and model aircraft operations ==== +** Categories of drone and model aircraft operations ** 
-<fc #ff0000>The types of flying using drone or model aircraft are known as operations</fc>. There are different categories of operations. The categories affect things like where flyer can fly, and how close to people and crowds he can fly.+ 
 +<note tip>The types of flying using drone or model aircraft are known as operations</note>.  
 +There are different categories of operations. The categories affect things like where flyer can fly, and how close to people and crowds he can fly.
 <table> <table>
-<caption>Flying Categories</caption>+<caption>Drones Flying Categories</caption>
 ^  **Categories**  ^  **Type of Flying**  ^ ^  **Categories**  ^  **Type of Flying**  ^
 |  Open A1 and A3  |  Basic, low risk flying  | |  Open A1 and A3  |  Basic, low risk flying  |
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 This Code tells everything needed to know to pass the test to get a flyer ID. This allows flyer to fly in the Open A1 and A3 sub-categories, which is the starting point for anyone wanting to fly a drone or model aircraft. Flyer needs to go on and get further authorization if he wants to do more advanced flying, or if he wants to fly a drone or model aircraft that weighs 25kg or more. This Code tells everything needed to know to pass the test to get a flyer ID. This allows flyer to fly in the Open A1 and A3 sub-categories, which is the starting point for anyone wanting to fly a drone or model aircraft. Flyer needs to go on and get further authorization if he wants to do more advanced flying, or if he wants to fly a drone or model aircraft that weighs 25kg or more.
  
-==== Drone and model aircraft classes ====+** Drone and model aircraft classes ** 
 Drones and model aircraft are split into five classes: from class C0 to class C4. Drones and model aircraft are split into five classes: from class C0 to class C4.
 The classes have only recently been introduced, so flyers drone or model aircraft may not have been given a class when it was made. If flyers drone or model aircraft does not have a class mark, it is classed by its flying weight. If flyer only use the smallest weight or class of drone or model aircraft, he may not need a flyer ID or operator ID. The classes have only recently been introduced, so flyers drone or model aircraft may not have been given a class when it was made. If flyers drone or model aircraft does not have a class mark, it is classed by its flying weight. If flyer only use the smallest weight or class of drone or model aircraft, he may not need a flyer ID or operator ID.
-//Privately built aircraft are classed by their flying weight.//+<note important>Privately built aircraft are classed by their flying weight.</note> 
 +** Working out if you need a flyer ID, operator ID or both **
  
-==== Working out if you need a flyer ID, operator ID or both ==== 
 Follow these steps to work out what you need to fly in the Open A1 and A3 categories of operations. Follow these steps to work out what you need to fly in the Open A1 and A3 categories of operations.
 +
 <color #00a2e8>**1.**</color> Check if your drone or model aircraft has a class mark. The class mark will be marked on the drone or model aircraft and in any instructions. If not, go to step <color #00a2e8>3</color>. Find out what IDs you need depending on the weight or class of your drone or model aircraft. <color #00a2e8>**1.**</color> Check if your drone or model aircraft has a class mark. The class mark will be marked on the drone or model aircraft and in any instructions. If not, go to step <color #00a2e8>3</color>. Find out what IDs you need depending on the weight or class of your drone or model aircraft.
-{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_1.png?400 |Drone class mark}}+ 
 +<figure> 
 +{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_1.png?400 |Drone Class Mark types}} 
 +<caption>Drone Class Mark types</caption> 
 +</figure> 
 <color #00a2e8>**2.**</color> If it does have a class mark, follow the class requirements table to see what ID you need. <color #00a2e8>**2.**</color> If it does have a class mark, follow the class requirements table to see what ID you need.
 <table> <table>
-<caption>Class mark requirements</caption> +<caption>Drones Class Mark requirements</caption> 
-^  **Class**  ^  **Flyer Id**  ^  **Operator ID**  ^ +^  **Mark**  ^  **Class**  ^  **Flyer Id**  ^  **Operator ID**  ^ 
-|  C0 – toy  |  No  |  No  | +|{{ :en:drones:class_0.jpg?50 |}} |  C0 – toy  |  No  |  No  | 
-|  C0 – not a toy –  no camera  |  No  |  No  | +|{{ :en:drones:class_0.jpg?50 |}} |  C0 – not a toy –  no camera  |  No  |  No  | 
-|  C0 – not a toy –  with camera  |  No  |  Yes  | +|{{ :en:drones:class_0.jpg?50 |}} |  C0 – not a toy –  with camera  |  No  |  Yes  | 
-|  C1  |  Yes  |  Yes  | +|{{ :en:drones:class_1.jpg?50 |}} |  C1  |  Yes  |  Yes  | 
-|  C2  |  Yes  |  Yes  | +|{{ :en:drones:class_2.jpg?50 |}} |  C2  |  Yes  |  Yes  | 
-|  C3  |  Yes  |  Yes  | +|{{ :en:drones:class_3.jpg?50 |}} |  C3  |  Yes  |  Yes  | 
-|  C4  |  Yes  |  Yes  |+|{{ :en:drones:class_4.jpg?50 |}} |  C4  |  Yes  |  Yes  |
 </table> </table>
  
 <color #00a2e8>**3.**</color> If it doesn’t have a class mark, follow the flying weight requirements table. <color #00a2e8>**3.**</color> If it doesn’t have a class mark, follow the flying weight requirements table.
 <table> <table>
-<caption>Class mark requirements</caption>+<caption>Drones Flying Weight requirements</caption>
 ^  **Flying weight**  ^  **Flyer Id**  ^  **Operator ID**  ^ ^  **Flying weight**  ^  **Flyer Id**  ^  **Operator ID**  ^
 |  below 250g - toy  |  No  |  No  | |  below 250g - toy  |  No  |  No  |
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 </table> </table>
  
-==== Toys, small drones and small model aircraft ====+** Toys, small drones and small model aircraft ** 
 Flyer do not need to register if he will only fly or use the following types of drone or model aircraft: Flyer do not need to register if he will only fly or use the following types of drone or model aircraft:
   * toys below 250g or in C0 class.   * toys below 250g or in C0 class.
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   * below 250g with no camera and no class mark, whether it’s a toy or not.   * below 250g with no camera and no class mark, whether it’s a toy or not.
  
-==== Working out if your drone or model aircraft is a toy ====+** Working out if your drone or model aircraft is a toy ** 
 There is no standard mark to show that a drone or model aircraft is a toy. The drone or model aircraft is likely to be a toy if: There is no standard mark to show that a drone or model aircraft is a toy. The drone or model aircraft is likely to be a toy if:
   * the manufacturer or store you bought it from describes it as a toy,   * the manufacturer or store you bought it from describes it as a toy,
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 ==== Flying safely and responsibly ==== ==== Flying safely and responsibly ====
 +
 General responsibilities. General responsibilities.
   - You’re responsible for flying safely whenever you fly. Follow this Code to make sure you never put people in danger. Always be ready in case something should go wrong with your drone or model aircraft. You could be fined for breaking the law when flying your drone or model aircraft. In the most serious cases, you could be sent to prison.   - You’re responsible for flying safely whenever you fly. Follow this Code to make sure you never put people in danger. Always be ready in case something should go wrong with your drone or model aircraft. You could be fined for breaking the law when flying your drone or model aircraft. In the most serious cases, you could be sent to prison.
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       * electronic viewing equipment, such as a smart phone, tablet or video goggles,       * electronic viewing equipment, such as a smart phone, tablet or video goggles,
 Normal glasses and contact lenses are fine. Normal glasses and contact lenses are fine.
-{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_2.png?400 | Keep drone in direct sight}} 
  
-==== Flying with the help of an observer ====+<figure> 
 +{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_2.png?400 | Always keep drone in direct sight}} 
 +<caption>Always keep drone in direct sight</caption> 
 +</figure> 
 + 
 +** Flying with the help of an observer ** 
 You can ask someone to be your observer when you fly. You can ask someone to be your observer when you fly.
 They must stand next to you and you must be able to talk to each other at all times. They must stand next to you and you must be able to talk to each other at all times.
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 The observer does not need to have a flyer ID, but you must tell them what to look out for. Remember, you’re still responsible for keeping the flight safe. The observer does not need to have a flyer ID, but you must tell them what to look out for. Remember, you’re still responsible for keeping the flight safe.
  
-==== Where you can fly ====+** Where you can fly ** 
 Flying below the legal height limit of 120m (400ft) will reduce the risk of coming across other aircraft, which normally fly higher than this. Flying below the legal height limit of 120m (400ft) will reduce the risk of coming across other aircraft, which normally fly higher than this.
 //Always look and listen out for other aircraft that may be flying below 120m (400ft), such as air ambulances and police helicopters.// //Always look and listen out for other aircraft that may be flying below 120m (400ft), such as air ambulances and police helicopters.//
-{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_3.png?400 |Never fly more than 120m}} 
  
-==== Flying where there are hills, mountains, or cliffs ====+<figure> 
 +{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_3.png?400 |Never fly drone more than 120m}} 
 +<caption>Never fly drone more than 120m height</caption> 
 +</figure> 
 + 
 +** Flying where there are hills, mountains, or cliffs ** 
 Your drone or model aircraft must never be more than 120m (400ft) from the closest point of the earth’s surface. Your drone or model aircraft must never be more than 120m (400ft) from the closest point of the earth’s surface.
 If you fly where the ground falls or rises, such as over hills, mountains or cliffs, you may need to adjust your flight path so that your drone or model aircraft is never more than 120m (400ft) from the closest point of the earth’s surface. If you fly where the ground falls or rises, such as over hills, mountains or cliffs, you may need to adjust your flight path so that your drone or model aircraft is never more than 120m (400ft) from the closest point of the earth’s surface.
  
-==== Do not fly closer to people than 50m ====+** Do not fly closer to people than 50m ** 
 This includes people in buildings and transport, including cars, lorries, trains, boats. This includes people in buildings and transport, including cars, lorries, trains, boats.
 You must keep a minimum horizontal distance of 50m between your drone or model aircraft and people. This creates a no-fly zone around people that goes all the way up to the legal height limit. It can help to think of this no-fly zone as a cylinder. You must keep a minimum horizontal distance of 50m between your drone or model aircraft and people. This creates a no-fly zone around people that goes all the way up to the legal height limit. It can help to think of this no-fly zone as a cylinder.
 You must not fly over people in this no-fly zone, even if you fly higher than 50m. You must not fly over people in this no-fly zone, even if you fly higher than 50m.
-{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_4.png?400 | Don't fly closer to people than 50m}} 
  
-==== People involved in what you’re doing ====+<figure> 
 +{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_4.png?400 | Don't fly drone closer to people than 50m}} 
 +<caption>Don't fly drone closer to people than 50m</caption> 
 +</figure> 
 + 
 +** People involved in what you’re doing ** 
 The rule on minimum distances is different for people involved in what you’re doing. The rule on minimum distances is different for people involved in what you’re doing.
 You can fly closer than 50m to people who are with you and who are involved in what you’re doing, such as friends, family or colleagues out flying with you. But always remember, you must never put anyone in danger. You can fly closer than 50m to people who are with you and who are involved in what you’re doing, such as friends, family or colleagues out flying with you. But always remember, you must never put anyone in danger.
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 If you’re flying a drone or model aircraft that’s between 250g and 500g, or is C1 class, you can fly closer to people than 50m, but you must not intentionally fly over them. If you’re flying a drone or model aircraft that’s between 250g and 500g, or is C1 class, you can fly closer to people than 50m, but you must not intentionally fly over them.
  
-==== Always keep a safe distance ====+** Always keep a safe distance ** 
 Sometimes, you’ll need to increase the 50m minimum distance from people to make sure that your flight remains safe. Sometimes, you’ll need to increase the 50m minimum distance from people to make sure that your flight remains safe.
 Follow these general rules: Follow these general rules:
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   * If poor weather conditions mean that there could be a greater risk to people, fly further away from them. For example, if it’s very windy, you should fly further away from people.   * If poor weather conditions mean that there could be a greater risk to people, fly further away from them. For example, if it’s very windy, you should fly further away from people.
   * If you fly at high speeds, fly further away to give yourself more time to react.   * If you fly at high speeds, fly further away to give yourself more time to react.
 +
 +<figure>
 {{ :en:drones:drone_fight_5.png?400 |Keep the same distance to people when flying higher than 50m}} {{ :en:drones:drone_fight_5.png?400 |Keep the same distance to people when flying higher than 50m}}
 +<caption>Keep the same distance to people when flying higher than 50m</caption>
 +</figure>
 +
 +** Never fly over people who are crowded together **
  
-==== Never fly over people who are crowded together ==== 
 A crowd is any group of people who cannot move away quickly because of the number of other people around them. A crowd is any group of people who cannot move away quickly because of the number of other people around them.
 Never do this, no matter what size of drone or model aircraft you have. Never do this, no matter what size of drone or model aircraft you have.
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   * at a crowded beach or park,   * at a crowded beach or park,
   * parties, carnivals and fêtes,   * parties, carnivals and fêtes,
-{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_6.png?400 | Never fly over people groups}} 
  
-==== Keep at least 150m away from residential, recreational, commercial and industrial areas ====+<figure> 
 +{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_6.png?400 | Never fly drone over people groups}} 
 +<caption>Never fly drone over people groups</caption> 
 +</figure> 
 + 
 +** Keep at least 150m away from residential, recreational, commercial and industrial areas ** 
 150m is the minimum distance. 150m is the minimum distance.
 Be prepared to increase the distance if you need to do that to fly safely. Be prepared to increase the distance if you need to do that to fly safely.
-{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_7.png?400 | Keep at least 150m away from residentials}} 
  
-==== Small drones and model aircraft: below 250g, C0 or C1 class ====+<figure> 
 +{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_7.png?400 | Keep drone at least 150m away from residentials}} 
 +<caption>Keep drone at least 150m away from residentials</caption> 
 +</figure> 
 + 
 +** Small drones and model aircraft: below 250g, C0 or C1 class ** 
 You can fly small drones and model aircraft that are lighter than 250g, or C0 or C1 class, in residential, recreational, commercial and industrial areas. You can fly small drones and model aircraft that are lighter than 250g, or C0 or C1 class, in residential, recreational, commercial and industrial areas.
 Remember, you must always fly safely. Remember, you must always fly safely.
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   * rail and transport hubs   * rail and transport hubs
  
-==== Stay well away from airports, airfields and aircraft ==== +** Stay well away from airports, airfields and aircraft ** 
-//If you endanger the safety of an aircraft, you could go to prison for five years.//+ 
 +<note important>If you endanger the safety of an aircraft, you could go to prison for five years.</note>
 Most airports and airfields have a flight restriction zone (FRZ). Most airports and airfields have a flight restriction zone (FRZ).
 Never fly in this zone unless you have permission from the airport. The zone is in place to avoid any collisions with aircraft at or near the airport. Never fly in this zone unless you have permission from the airport. The zone is in place to avoid any collisions with aircraft at or near the airport.
 Some drone apps also give details of flight restriction zones. Some drone apps also give details of flight restriction zones.
-{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_8.png?400 |Never fly in an airport restriction zone}} 
  
-==== Follow any flying restrictions and check for hazards ====+<figure> 
 +{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_8.png?400 |Never fly drone in an airport restriction zone}} 
 +<caption>Never fly drone in an airport restriction zone</caption> 
 +</figure> 
 + 
 +** Follow any flying restrictions and check for hazards ** 
 Always check for restrictions and hazards before you fly. Always check for restrictions and hazards before you fly.
  
-==== Examples of restrictions and hazards ==== +=== Examples of restrictions and hazards === 
-**Restricted airspace**+ 
 +** Restricted airspace ** 
 Flying may be restricted around some sites, such as prisons, military ranges, royal palaces, and government buildings. Flying may be restricted around some sites, such as prisons, military ranges, royal palaces, and government buildings.
-**Events**+ 
 +** Events ** 
 Flying may be temporarily banned in specific areas during some events, such as airshows or festivals. This is to keep everyone safe. Flying may be temporarily banned in specific areas during some events, such as airshows or festivals. This is to keep everyone safe.
 There may also be security reasons for banning flying, such as at political conferences. There may also be security reasons for banning flying, such as at political conferences.
-**Emergency incidents**+ 
 +** Emergency incidents ** 
 Temporary restrictions may be established at very short notice due to emergency incidents, such as road traffic accidents, fires and floods. Temporary restrictions may be established at very short notice due to emergency incidents, such as road traffic accidents, fires and floods.
 If you’re near the scene of an accident or similar emergency, you must keep out of the way and not do anything that could hamper the emergency services. If you’re near the scene of an accident or similar emergency, you must keep out of the way and not do anything that could hamper the emergency services.
-**Byelaws**+ 
 +** Byelaws ** 
 Byelaws may restrict when and where you can fly from. Byelaws may restrict when and where you can fly from.
 Look out for local signs for information and contact details where you can find out more. Byelaws are unlikely to be shown on apps or drone websites. Look out for local signs for information and contact details where you can find out more. Byelaws are unlikely to be shown on apps or drone websites.
-**Tall structures**+ 
 +** Tall structures ** 
 Check for any tall structures, such as cranes, masts and wires. Check for any tall structures, such as cranes, masts and wires.
 Do not fly if there are structures in the area that will mean it’s not safe or legal. Do not fly if there are structures in the area that will mean it’s not safe or legal.
-**Animals and wildlife**+ 
 +** Animals and wildlife ** 
 Do not fly where you’ll disturb or endanger animals and wildlife. Do not fly where you’ll disturb or endanger animals and wildlife.
-**Other aircraft**+ 
 +** Other aircraft ** 
 Always be ready to respond in the safest way possible if other aircraft appear where you’re flying. Always be ready to respond in the safest way possible if other aircraft appear where you’re flying.
 Look and listen out for unusual or specialist flying activities, such as air ambulances, police helicopters, light aircraft, military aircraft, crop spraying, and electricity pylon surveying. Look and listen out for unusual or specialist flying activities, such as air ambulances, police helicopters, light aircraft, military aircraft, crop spraying, and electricity pylon surveying.
  
-==== Useful places to check for restrictions and hazards ==== +=== Useful places to check for restrictions and hazards === 
-**Signs**+ 
 +** Signs ** 
 Check for signs that say you cannot fly drones or model aircraft. Check for signs that say you cannot fly drones or model aircraft.
 Some sites may have restrictions that are not listed in apps and other services. Some sites may have restrictions that are not listed in apps and other services.
-**NOTAMs (Notices to Airmen)**+ 
 +** NOTAMs (Notices to Airmen) ** 
 NOTAMs are official notices that tell people about activities that may be a hazard to flying. For example, a balloon show. NOTAMs are official notices that tell people about activities that may be a hazard to flying. For example, a balloon show.
-Many drone apps include details of NOTAMs. You can also find NOTAMs at the NATS drone website.  +Many drone apps include details of NOTAMs. You can also find NOTAMs at the NATS drone website. 
-**Apps and other resources with details of restrictions**+ 
 +** Apps and other resources with details of restrictions ** 
 Some flying restrictions are given in the following: Some flying restrictions are given in the following:
   * drone apps,   * drone apps,
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   * the Aeronautical Information Publication   * the Aeronautical Information Publication
 Make sure you understand exactly what information these resources will give you. Make sure you understand exactly what information these resources will give you.
 +
 **Get the right authorization before flying outside this code.** **Get the right authorization before flying outside this code.**
 +
 This code covers flying in the Open A1 and A3 categories. If you want to fly outside the rules in this Code, you must first get the correct authorization. This code covers flying in the Open A1 and A3 categories. If you want to fly outside the rules in this Code, you must first get the correct authorization.
 For example, you’ll need authorization from the Civil Aviation Authority if you want to fly: For example, you’ll need authorization from the Civil Aviation Authority if you want to fly:
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 From time to time, the Civil Aviation Authority may issue general authorizations. From time to time, the Civil Aviation Authority may issue general authorizations.
  
-==== Authorization that comes with membership of a club or association ====+** Authorization that comes with membership of a club or association ** 
 In some cases, being a member of a recognized club or association may give you additional flying authorization. For example, you may be able to fly in an area that is normally restricted as long as you follow the conditions in the authorization. In some cases, being a member of a recognized club or association may give you additional flying authorization. For example, you may be able to fly in an area that is normally restricted as long as you follow the conditions in the authorization.
 Check with your club or association before you fly. Check with your club or association before you fly.
    
-===== Making every flight safe =====+==== Making every flight safe ====
  
 Make sure you know what your drone or model aircraft can and cannot do. Make sure you know what your drone or model aircraft can and cannot do.
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   * Geo-awareness software to help you avoid flying in certain restricted areas. Do not alter or disable this software if your drone or model aircraft has it.   * Geo-awareness software to help you avoid flying in certain restricted areas. Do not alter or disable this software if your drone or model aircraft has it.
  
-==== Modifying a C class drone or model aircraft ====+** Modifying a C class drone or model aircraft ** 
 If you modify any C class drone or model aircraft, it no longer counts as a C class drone or model aircraft. Instead, you must follow the rules for the flying weight of your drone: either lighter than 250g, or 250g and above. If you modify any C class drone or model aircraft, it no longer counts as a C class drone or model aircraft. Instead, you must follow the rules for the flying weight of your drone: either lighter than 250g, or 250g and above.
 It does not matter whether you’ve increased the weight or not. It does not matter whether you’ve increased the weight or not.
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 Modifying means changing anything that affects the weight or how the drone or model aircraft flies. It does not include replacing broken or damaged parts with new ones of the same design. For example, replacing broken rotor blades with new rotor blades specified by the manufacturer. Modifying means changing anything that affects the weight or how the drone or model aircraft flies. It does not include replacing broken or damaged parts with new ones of the same design. For example, replacing broken rotor blades with new rotor blades specified by the manufacturer.
  
-==== Make sure your drone or model aircraft is fit to fly ====+** Make sure your drone or model aircraft is fit to fly ** 
 Check fuel and battery levels. Check fuel and battery levels.
 Take special care to check that fuel and battery levels will last through your flight. This includes any extra fuel you might need in an emergency or for flying in difficult weather, such as windy conditions. Take special care to check that fuel and battery levels will last through your flight. This includes any extra fuel you might need in an emergency or for flying in difficult weather, such as windy conditions.
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 Follow the instructions to update the built-in software (firmware). Always check that the software has updated correctly before going flying. Follow the instructions to update the built-in software (firmware). Always check that the software has updated correctly before going flying.
  
-==== Never drop anything from your drone or model aircraft while it’s flying ====+** Never drop anything from your drone or model aircraft while it’s flying ** 
 + 
 +** Never carry any dangerous cargo on your drone or model aircraft **
  
-==== Never carry any dangerous cargo on your drone or model aircraft ==== 
 You must never carry any cargo on your drone or model aircraft that could be dangerous to people, property or the environment if there was an accident. You must never carry any cargo on your drone or model aircraft that could be dangerous to people, property or the environment if there was an accident.
 For example, never carry: For example, never carry:
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   * flammable cargo, such as petrol or oil, apart from what the engine needs for that flight   * flammable cargo, such as petrol or oil, apart from what the engine needs for that flight
  
-==== Make sure any equipment is secure ==== +** Make sure any equipment is secure ** 
-If you plan to carry any equipment on your drone or model aircraft, you must not go over the maximum take-off mass (MTOM). This is the maximum safe weight your drone or model aircraft can take-off and fly with. It includes fuel and any items or equipment attached to it.+ 
 +If you plan to carry any equipment on your drone or model aircraft, you must not go over the maximum take-off mass (MTOM). This is the maximum safe weight your drone or model aircraft can take off and fly with. It includes fuel and any items or equipment attached to it.
 You can find the maximum take-off mass in your drone or model aircraft instructions. You can find the maximum take-off mass in your drone or model aircraft instructions.
 Do not fly if the weather could affect your flight. Do not fly if the weather could affect your flight.
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   * standing out in the sun could affect your ability to concentrate   * standing out in the sun could affect your ability to concentrate
  
-==== Make sure your drone or model aircraft will work if the temperature is low ====+** Make sure your drone or model aircraft will work if the temperature is low ** 
 Follow the manufacturer’s guidance on the safe temperatures to fly at. Follow the manufacturer’s guidance on the safe temperatures to fly at.
-Some types of battery do not hold their charge as long in cold weather and this may reduce the amount of time you can fly.+Some types of batteries do not hold their charge as long in cold weather and this may reduce the amount of time you can fly.
  
-==== Make sure you’re fit and safe to fly ====+** Make sure you’re fit and safe to fly ** 
 + 
 +** Do not drink and fly **
  
-==== Do not drink and fly ==== 
 You must not fly when under the influence of alcohol. Alcohol will seriously affect your judgement and ability. You must not fly when under the influence of alcohol. Alcohol will seriously affect your judgement and ability.
  
-==== Do not fly under the influence of drugs or medicine ====+** Do not fly under the influence of drugs or medicine **
 Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking medicines that may affect your ability to operate your drone or model aircraft safely. Do not fly if they advise that your ability to drive a car or operate machinery may be affected. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking medicines that may affect your ability to operate your drone or model aircraft safely. Do not fly if they advise that your ability to drive a car or operate machinery may be affected.
  
-==== Do not fly if you’re tired or unwell ====+** Do not fly if you’re tired or unwell ** 
 Your judgement and ability could be affected if you are tired or unwell. Your judgement and ability could be affected if you are tired or unwell.
    
-==== Do not fly while you could be distracted by another activity ====+** Do not fly while you could be distracted by another activity ** 
 For example: For example:
   * do not fly while driving, riding or operating a vehicle or bicycle,   * do not fly while driving, riding or operating a vehicle or bicycle,
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   * do not fly more than one drone or model aircraft at a time   * do not fly more than one drone or model aircraft at a time
  
-==== Take action quickly and safely if the situation in the air or on the ground changes ====+** Take action quickly and safely if the situation in the air or on the ground changes ** 
 Always be ready to land your drone or model aircraft or reduce your flying height and wait until it is safe to fly again. For example, you may need to land if a group of people or animals turn up in the area where you’re flying. Always be ready to land your drone or model aircraft or reduce your flying height and wait until it is safe to fly again. For example, you may need to land if a group of people or animals turn up in the area where you’re flying.
  
-==== Low flying aircraft ====+** Low flying aircraft ** 
 Reduce your flying height or land as soon as you hear or see a low flying aircraft that may be affected by your drone or model aircraft. Reduce your flying height or land as soon as you hear or see a low flying aircraft that may be affected by your drone or model aircraft.
 Land your drone or model aircraft, or hover at a low level well out of the way, and wait until it’s safe to continue with your flight. If it appears the aircraft is attempting to land, you should land your drone or model aircraft immediately. Land your drone or model aircraft, or hover at a low level well out of the way, and wait until it’s safe to continue with your flight. If it appears the aircraft is attempting to land, you should land your drone or model aircraft immediately.
  
-==== Report any dangerous incidents, near misses or suspicious activity ==== +** Report any dangerous incidents, near misses or suspicious activity ** 
-If you’re involved in a dangerous incident or near miss when you’re flying your drone or model aircraft, you must report the incident to the Civil Aviation Authority. + 
-An incident or near miss includes anything that did or could:+If you’re involved in a dangerous incident or near-miss when you’re flying your drone or model aircraft, you must report the incident to the Civil Aviation Authority. 
 +An incident or near-miss includes anything that did or could:
   * put people in danger,   * put people in danger,
   * cause damage to property, buildings, equipment or aircraft   * cause damage to property, buildings, equipment or aircraft
-The Civil Aviation Authority will use this information to monitor potential hazards and risks to help keep flying safe for everyone.+The Civil Aviation Authority will use this information to monitor potential hazards and risks to help keep flying safely for everyone.
  
-==== Suspicious activity and mis-use ==== +** Suspicious activity and misuse ** 
-If you see anybody using a drone or model aircraft in a suspicious or dangerous way, call your local police on 101. If it’s at an airport, call airport security.+ 
 +If you see anybody using a drone or model aircraft in a suspicious or dangerous way, call your local police on 101 (or 112, country depending). If it’s at an airport, call airport security. 
 + 
 +** Retrieving your drone or model aircraft after a forced landing **
  
-==== Retrieving your drone or model aircraft after a forced landing ==== 
 If you make a forced landing or crash on private property, you must get the property owner’s permission before retrieving your drone or model aircraft. If you make a forced landing or crash on private property, you must get the property owner’s permission before retrieving your drone or model aircraft.
 This is especially important at sites where security services are likely to respond if you enter without permission. This is especially important at sites where security services are likely to respond if you enter without permission.
  
-==== Make sure you have the appropriate insurance ====+** Make sure you have the appropriate insurance ** 
 The insurance you need depends on the size of your drone or model aircraft and what you use it for. The insurance you need depends on the size of your drone or model aircraft and what you use it for.
  
-==== Insurance for drones and model aircraft below 20kg ====+** Insurance for drones and model aircraft below 20kg ** 
 If you fly a drone or model aircraft that weighs less than 20kg for fun, recreation, sport, or as a hobby, you can choose whether or not to have insurance. If you fly a drone or model aircraft that weighs less than 20kg for fun, recreation, sport, or as a hobby, you can choose whether or not to have insurance.
-If you fly for any other reason, you must have third party liability insurance. For example, you must have insurance if you:+If you fly for any other reason, you must have third-party liability insurance. For example, you must have insurance if you:
   * get paid to take pictures or record video or carry out surveys,   * get paid to take pictures or record video or carry out surveys,
   * use your drone for work, such as on a farm, park or estate   * use your drone for work, such as on a farm, park or estate
 Although insurance is optional if you only fly for fun, recreation, sport, or as a hobby, remember you’re responsible for your actions. You could be held personally liable for any injury or damage you cause, so you may want to consider getting third party liability insurance. Although insurance is optional if you only fly for fun, recreation, sport, or as a hobby, remember you’re responsible for your actions. You could be held personally liable for any injury or damage you cause, so you may want to consider getting third party liability insurance.
  
-==== Insurance for drones and model aircraft 20kg and above ====+** Insurance for drones and model aircraft 20kg and above ** 
 If your drone or model aircraft is 20kg or more, you must always have third party insurance, no matter what you use your aircraft for. If your drone or model aircraft is 20kg or more, you must always have third party insurance, no matter what you use your aircraft for.
  
-===== Protecting people’s privacy =====+==== Protecting people’s privacy ==== 
 Making sure that you don’t invade anyone’s privacy when you’re out flying. What you can and can't do with photos and videos. Making sure that you don’t invade anyone’s privacy when you’re out flying. What you can and can't do with photos and videos.
  
-==== Respect other people and their privacy ====+** Respect other people and their privacy ** 
 If your drone or model aircraft is fitted with a camera or listening device, you must respect other people’s privacy whenever you use them. If your drone or model aircraft is fitted with a camera or listening device, you must respect other people’s privacy whenever you use them.
 If you use these devices where people can expect privacy, such as inside their home or garden, you’re likely to be breaking data protection laws. If you use these devices where people can expect privacy, such as inside their home or garden, you’re likely to be breaking data protection laws.
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 Any photos or recordings you take may be covered by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Any photos or recordings you take may be covered by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
  
-==== Make sure you know what your camera can do and the kind of images it can take ====+** Make sure you know what your camera can do and the kind of images it can take ** 
 Knowing this will help to reduce the risk of taking photos or recording videos that invade privacy. Knowing this will help to reduce the risk of taking photos or recording videos that invade privacy.
 Make sure you know: Make sure you know:
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   * if you can start and stop recording when you are flying   * if you can start and stop recording when you are flying
  
-==== Make sure you can be clearly seen when you’re out flying ====+** Make sure you can be clearly seen when you’re out flying ** 
 This means people will know who’s responsible for your drone or model aircraft. This means people will know who’s responsible for your drone or model aircraft.
  
-==== Let people know before you start recording or taking pictures ====+** Let people know before you start recording or taking pictures ** 
 In some cases, this will be easy. For example, if you’re taking a photo of family and friends at a family barbeque. In some cases, this will be easy. For example, if you’re taking a photo of family and friends at a family barbeque.
 In other cases, this will be less practical, so you must be careful to respect everyone’s right to privacy. In other cases, this will be less practical, so you must be careful to respect everyone’s right to privacy.
 Remember, you must never fly over groups, crowds, or any people who are not with you. Remember, you must never fly over groups, crowds, or any people who are not with you.
  
-==== Think before sharing photos and videos ====+** Think before sharing photos and videos ** 
 Avoid sharing anything that could be unfair or harmful to anyone. Avoid sharing anything that could be unfair or harmful to anyone.
 Think carefully about who could see your photos and videos – especially before posting them on social media. Apply the same common-sense approach that you would with images or video recorded on a smartphone or digital camera. Think carefully about who could see your photos and videos – especially before posting them on social media. Apply the same common-sense approach that you would with images or video recorded on a smartphone or digital camera.
  
-==== Keep photos and videos secure ====+** Keep photos and videos secure ** 
 Store images safely. Delete anything you don’t need. Store images safely. Delete anything you don’t need.
 If you record images for commercial use, you’ll need to meet further specific requirements as a data controller. If you record images for commercial use, you’ll need to meet further specific requirements as a data controller.
  
-===== Getting a flyer ID before you fly =====+==== Getting a flyer ID before you fly ====
 What to do if you will fly a drone or model aircraft that requires you to have a flyer ID. What to do if you will fly a drone or model aircraft that requires you to have a flyer ID.
 Requirements for children under the age of 13. Requirements for children under the age of 13.
  
-==== You must pass the CAA’s official online theory test to get a flyer ID ====+** You must pass the CAA’s official online theory test to get a flyer ID ** 
 Children and adults must pass the test – there is no age limit. Children and adults must pass the test – there is no age limit.
 For data protection reasons, children under 13 must be with a parent or guardian when they take the test and register. For data protection reasons, children under 13 must be with a parent or guardian when they take the test and register.
-{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_9.png?400 |Pass the CAA's theory test to get ID}} 
  
-==== You must pass the theory test every five years ==== +<figure> 
-Your flyer ID will last for five years. +{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_9.png?400 |Pass the CAA's theory test to get an flyer ID}} 
-//If you took your last test under the previous regulations, that flyer ID will last for three years. You can check when your ID expires in the My registration area.//+<caption>Pass the CAA's theory test to get an flyer ID</caption> 
 +</figure> 
 + 
 +<note important>You must pass the theory test every five years</note> 
 + 
 +<note important>Your flyer ID will last for five years.</note> 
 +If you took your last test under the previous regulations, that flyer ID will last for three years. You can check when your ID expires in the My registration area. 
 + 
 +** Always fly safely and legally **
  
-==== Always fly safely and legally ==== 
 Following the points in this Code will help you to do this. Following the points in this Code will help you to do this.
  
-===== Getting an operator ID before you fly =====+==== Getting an operator ID before you fly ====
 What to do if you’re a drone or model aircraft operator. What to do if you’re a drone or model aircraft operator.
  
-==== The person or organization that’s responsible for a drone or model aircraft that requires an operator ID must register to get an operator ID ====+** The person or organization that’s responsible for a drone or model aircraft that requires an operator ID must register to get an operator ID ** 
 You must be over 18 to register as an operator. If you’re under 18, you’ll need to ask a parent or guardian to register for an operator ID. You must be over 18 to register as an operator. If you’re under 18, you’ll need to ask a parent or guardian to register for an operator ID.
 +
 +<figure>
 {{ :en:drones:drone_fight_10.png?400 |Register to get an operator ID}} {{ :en:drones:drone_fight_10.png?400 |Register to get an operator ID}}
 +<caption>Register to get an operator ID</caption>
 +</figure>
 +
 +** Label all your drones or model aircraft with your operator ID **
  
-==== Label all your drones or model aircraft with your operator ID ==== 
 You must label every drone or model aircraft you’re responsible for. You can use the same operator ID for every aircraft. You must label every drone or model aircraft you’re responsible for. You can use the same operator ID for every aircraft.
-{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_11.png?400 |Operator ID label}} 
  
-==== Always make sure that anyone flying your drone or model aircraft has a valid flyer ID ====+<figure> 
 +{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_11.png?400 |Label the Operator ID on the drone}} 
 +<caption>Label the Operator ID on the drone</caption> 
 +</figure> 
 + 
 +** Always make sure that anyone flying your drone or model aircraft has a valid flyer ID ** 
 You can do this at the check someone’s registration status service. You can do this at the check someone’s registration status service.
 Set out what you expect from anyone who’ll fly your drone or model aircraft and what you’ll be responsible for yourself. Set out what you expect from anyone who’ll fly your drone or model aircraft and what you’ll be responsible for yourself.
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 If several people will fly, such as in a business, club or school, consider writing this information down so that everyone can easily access it. If several people will fly, such as in a business, club or school, consider writing this information down so that everyone can easily access it.
  
-==== Maintain your drone or model aircraft so that it’s safe to fly ====+** Maintain your drone or model aircraft so that it’s safe to fly ** 
 This includes following the manufacturer’s instructions on maintenance and keeping any built-in software (firmware) up to date. This includes following the manufacturer’s instructions on maintenance and keeping any built-in software (firmware) up to date.
  
-==== Keep your operator ID up to date ==== +** Keep your operator ID up to date **
-Your operator ID will last for 12 months. +
  
-===== Less common flying =====+<note important>Your operator ID will last for 12 months.</note> 
 + 
 +==== Less common flying ==== 
 + 
 +** Flying with follow-me mode active **
  
-==== Flying with follow-me mode active ==== 
 Some drones or model aircraft have a follow-me mode that means you can set your aircraft to follow you within a fixed distance. Some drones or model aircraft have a follow-me mode that means you can set your aircraft to follow you within a fixed distance.
 You do not have to keep your drone or model aircraft in direct sight when follow-me mode is active and set to follow within 50m of you. You must still follow all of the other points. You do not have to keep your drone or model aircraft in direct sight when follow-me mode is active and set to follow within 50m of you. You must still follow all of the other points.
  
-==== Height limits for model gliders up to 10kg ====+** Height limits for model gliders up to 10kg ** 
 The maximum height for model gliders is up to 120m (400ft) above the height you’re standing at rather than above the ground level directly below it. The maximum height for model gliders is up to 120m (400ft) above the height you’re standing at rather than above the ground level directly below it.
 This is to allow for flying from hills and mountains. This is to allow for flying from hills and mountains.
 The maximum height for all other drones and model aircraft is measured from the closest point of the earth’s surface to the aircraft during flight. The maximum height for all other drones and model aircraft is measured from the closest point of the earth’s surface to the aircraft during flight.
  
-==== Flying over very tall structures ====+** Flying over very tall structures ** 
 If the person or organization responsible for a very tall structure over 105m asks you to carry out a task related to their structure, you’re allowed to fly higher than 120m (400ft). For example, if they ask you to take pictures for a survey. If the person or organization responsible for a very tall structure over 105m asks you to carry out a task related to their structure, you’re allowed to fly higher than 120m (400ft). For example, if they ask you to take pictures for a survey.
 You must never fly more than 15m above the structure. You must never fly more than 15m above the structure.
 Your drone or model aircraft must be within 50m of the structure horizontally when flying over 120m (400ft). Your drone or model aircraft must be within 50m of the structure horizontally when flying over 120m (400ft).
-{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_12.png?400 |Fly up to 15m over the building}} 
  
-===== Drones and model aircraft in the law (GB samples)=====+<figure> 
 +{{ :en:drones:drone_fight_12.png?400 |Fly drone up to 15m over the infrastructure construction}} 
 +<caption>Fly drone up to 15m over the infrastructure construction</caption> 
 +</figure> 
 + 
 +==== Drones and model aircraft in the law (GB samples) ====
 The following acts and regulations include some of the key points of law that this Drone and Model Aircraft Code is based on: The following acts and regulations include some of the key points of law that this Drone and Model Aircraft Code is based on:
   * CAP1789A: Consolidated version of the EU UAS Implementing Regulation.   * CAP1789A: Consolidated version of the EU UAS Implementing Regulation.
en/drones/legalrequirements.1615548242.txt.gz · Last modified: 2021/03/12 10:00 (external edit)
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