The following sub-chapters cover programming fundamentals in Arduino(C) C/C++, which complies with the most C/C++ notations and have some specific Arduino notations. Those who feel comfortable in programming will find these chapter somewhat introductory, while for these having no or little experience, it highly recommended covering this introduction. This chapter and its sub-chapters also target ESP and Raspberry Pi devices on the general level partially, however, in any case, programming environment configuration is different for every platform even, if Arduino IDE constitutes the joint part. Refer to the chapters on ESP and Raspberry Pi hardware platforms:

• “Setting up programming environment”;

• “Building your first project”;

• “Data types and variable”;

• “Program control structures”;

• “Looping”;

• “Interrupts and sub-programs”;

• “Timing”;

• “Interacting with hardware devices and debugging the code”.